{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:37:48Z","timestamp":1791499068549,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004360","name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, age-related joint disease in cats. The common finding of bilateral symmetric joint involvement may suggest influence from systemic factors, and could imply that body parameters such as excess body fat and cat size are important for OA development. We aimed to investigate associations between body composition and whole-body OA scores in 72 cats, using whole-body computed tomography (CT), and if serum concentrations of the metabolic mediators leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) reflected the total OA load. In addition, associations between body composition and metabolic mediators were determined. For data analyses, cats were grouped as smaller or larger according to the median value of the total body bone volume (body size), and as leaner or fatter cats according to the median of the total body fat volumes normalized for body size (nBFV).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Computed tomography-detected OA changes were present in 94% of cats. In appendicular joints, OA was most commonly detected in hip joints followed by elbow, stifle, carpal, tarsal and shoulder joints, whereas in axial joints, OA was most commonly detected in the thoracic region. Groupwise comparisons showed that whole-body OA scores were higher for fatter compared to leaner cats (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012), and larger fatter cats had higher whole-body OA scores compared to smaller leaner cats (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021). Whole-body OA scores were associated with IGF-1 concentrations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0051). Leptin concentrations were strongly associated with nBFV (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), whereas IGF-1 concentrations were weakly associated with total body bone volumes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0134). Individual joint region OA scores were higher in carpal, elbow, stifle and hip joints in fatter cats, in carpal joints in larger and larger fatter cats, in elbow joints in larger leaner cats, and in stifle joints in smaller fatter cats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In cats, increased body fat is a risk factor for having a higher load of OA, particularly in carpal, elbow, stifle and hip joints. Increased body size is additionally a risk factor for having carpal OA. The total OA load is reflected in serum IGF-1 concentrations, but underlying mechanisms for this association are unclear.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04536-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T07:14:36Z","timestamp":1740467676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between body composition, metabolic mediators and osteoarthritis in cats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Ley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"M. Strage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Stadig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"von Br\u00f6mssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 120","key":"4536_CR1","first-page":"64","volume":"37","author":"LA Deveza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deveza LA, Nelson AE, Loeser RF. Phenotypes of osteoarthritis: current state and future implications. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(Suppl 120):64\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4536_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.12.014","volume":"187","author":"LI Slingerland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Slingerland LI, Hazewinkel HA, Meij BP, Picavet P, Voorhout G. Cross-sectional study of the prevalence and clinical features of osteoarthritis in 100 cats. Vet J. 2011;187(3):304\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"4536_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00708.x","volume":"39","author":"BDX Lascelles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lascelles BDX, Henry JB 3rd, Brown J, Robertson I, Sumrell AT, Simpson W, et al. Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of radiographic degenerative joint disease in domesticated cats. Vet Surg. 2010;39(5):535\u201344.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X11432828","volume":"14","author":"D Bennett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bennett D, Zainal Ariffin SM, Johnston P. Osteoarthritis in the cat: 1. How common is it and how easy to recognise? J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14(1):65\u201375.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114939","volume":"128","author":"JJ Anderson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Anderson JJ, Felson DT. Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the knee in the first national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I). Evidence for an association with overweight, race, and physical demands of work. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128(1):179\u201389.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.08.010","volume":"18","author":"M Blagojevic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blagojevic M, Jinks C, Jeffery A, Jordan KP. Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18(1):24\u201333.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"4536_CR7","first-page":"7","volume":"43","author":"DT Felson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Felson DT. Weight and osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1995;43:7\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-1-18","volume":"109","author":"DT Felson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A, Walker AM, Meenan RF. Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109(1):18\u201324.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(97)80003-9","volume":"11","author":"DT Felson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Felson DT, Chaisson CE. Understanding the relationship between body weight and osteoarthritis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1997;11(4):671\u201381.","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"4536_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-132","volume":"9","author":"M Grotle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Obesity and osteoarthritis in knee, hip and\/or hand: an epidemiological study in the general population with 10 years follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:132.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"4536_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1043","volume":"99","author":"D Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shin D. Association between metabolic syndrome, radiographic knee osteoarthritis, and intensity of knee pain: results of a national survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(9):3177\u201383.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.12.002","volume":"22","author":"AW Visser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Visser AW, de Mutsert R, Loef M, le Cessie S, den Heijer M, Bloem JL, et al. The role of fat mass and skeletal muscle mass in knee osteoarthritis is different for men and women: the NEO study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(2):197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.10.002","volume":"23","author":"X Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang X, Hunter D, Xu J, Ding C. Metabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23(1):22\u201330.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"12","key":"4536_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.135","volume":"8","author":"Q Zhuo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhuo Q, Yang W, Chen J, Wang Y. Metabolic syndrome meets osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(12):729\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.06.013","volume":"30","author":"A Batushansky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Batushansky A, Zhu S, Komaravolu RK, South S, Mehta-D\u2019souza P, Griffin TM. Fundamentals of OA. An initiative of Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. Obesity and metabolic factors in OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2022;30(4):501\u201315.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"11","key":"4536_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.11.1725","volume":"212","author":"JM Scarlett","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scarlett JM, Donoghue S. Associations between body condition and disease in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;212(11):1725\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"4536_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12905","volume":"59","author":"KT Teng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teng KT, McGreevy PD, Toribio JALML, Raubenheimer D, Kendall K, Dhand NK. Associations of body condition score with health conditions related to overweight and obesity in cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59:603\u201315.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0359-7","volume":"60","author":"M \u00d6hlund","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6hlund M, Palmgren M, Str\u00f6m Holst B. Overweight in adult cats: a cross-sectional study. Acta Vet Scand. 2018;60(1):5.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"4536_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-110","volume":"9","author":"JM Ryan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ryan JM, Lascelles BDX, Benito J, Hash J, Smith SH, Bennett D, et al. Histological and molecular characterisation of feline humeral condylar osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res. 2013;9:110.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"4536_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X21991456","volume":"23","author":"E Maniaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maniaki E, Murrell J, Langley-Hobbs SJ, Blackwell EJ. Associations between early neutering, obesity, outdoor access, trauma and feline degenerative joint disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2021;23(10):965\u201375.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4536_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.12.005","volume":"86","author":"A Courties","year":"2019","unstructured":"Courties A, Berenbaum F, Sellam J. The phenotypic approach to osteoarthritis: a look at metabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2019;86(6):725\u201330.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"4536_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ait Eldjoudi D, Cordero Barreal A, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez C, Farrag Y, Farrag M et al. Leptin in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: player or bystander? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052859"},{"key":"4536_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilia I, Nitusca D, Marian C. Adiponectin in osteoarthritis: pathophysiology, relationship with obesity and presumptive diagnostic biomarker potential. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022; 12(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020455"},{"key":"4536_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865370","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.865370","volume":"10","author":"C Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang C, Lin Y, Yan CH, Zhang W. Adipokine signaling pathways in osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:865370.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4536_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0868-z","volume":"21","author":"C Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie C, Chen Q. Adipokines: new therapeutic target for osteoarthritis? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2019;21(12):71.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4536_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.319","volume":"5","author":"T Poonpet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poonpet T, Honsawek S, Adipokines. Biomarkers for osteoarthritis? World J Orthop. 2014;5(3):319\u201327.","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"4536_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050288","volume":"47","author":"J Martel-Pelletier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martel-Pelletier J, Di Battista JA, Lajeunesse D, Pelletier J-P. IGF\/IGFBP axis in cartilage and bone in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Inflamm Res. 1998;47(3):90\u2013100.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"4536_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02662-0","volume":"23","author":"C Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen C, Xu L, Xu X, Wang D, Liang Y, Duan L. Insulin-like growth factor-1 in articular cartilage repair for osteoarthritis treatment. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23:277.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0869","volume":"11","author":"T Fukumoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fukumoto T, Sperling JW, Sanyal A, Fitzsimmons JS, Reinholz GG, Conover CA, et al. Combined effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 on periosteal mesenchymal cells during chondrogenesis in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003;11(1):55\u201364.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"4536_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.032","volume":"93","author":"MB Gugjoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gugjoo MB, Amarpal, Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Aithal HP, Kinjavdekar P, Pawde AM, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells with IGF-1 and TGF-\u03b21 in laminin gel for osteochondral defects in rabbits. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;93:1165\u201374.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.051213","volume":"21","author":"L Longobardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Longobardi L, O\u2019Rear L, Aakula S, Johnstone B, Shimer K, Chytil A, et al. Effect of IGF-I in the chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the presence or absence of TGF-\u03b2 signaling. J Bone Min Res. 2006;21(4):626\u201336.","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(00)00054-1","volume":"19","author":"AA Worster","year":"2001","unstructured":"Worster AA, Brower-Toland BD, Fortier LA, Bent SJ, Williams J, Nixon AJ. Chondrocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells sequentially exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1 in monolayer and insulin-like growth factor-I in a three-dimensional matrix. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(4):738\u201349.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2400423","volume":"240","author":"DJ McQuillan","year":"1986","unstructured":"McQuillan DJ, Handley CJ, Campbell MA, Bolis S, Milway VE, Herington AC. Stimulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis by serum and insulin-like growth factor-I in cultured bovine articular cartilage. Biochem J. 1986;240(2):423\u201330.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780320111","volume":"32","author":"J Schalkwijk","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schalkwijk J, Joosten LA, van den Berg WB, van Wyk JJ, van de Putte LB. Insulin-like growth factor stimulation of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis by human synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32(1):66\u201371.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"4536_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041636","volume":"389","author":"BG Starkman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Starkman BG, Cravero JD, Del Carlo M Jr., Loeser RF. IGF-I stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes requires activation of the PI 3-kinase pathway but not ERK MAPK. Biochem J. 2005;389(Pt 3):723\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.05.007","volume":"17","author":"M Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang M, Zhou Q, Liang Q-Q, Li C-G, Holz JD, Tang D, et al. IGF-1 regulation of type II collagen and MMP-13 expression in rat endplate chondrocytes via distinct signaling pathways. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17(1):100\u20136.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4248\/BR201302007","volume":"1","author":"JL Crane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crane JL, Zhao L, Frye JS, Xian L, Qiu T, Cao X. IGF-1 signaling is essential for differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for peak bone mass. Bone Res. 2013;1(2):186\u201394.","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-1-254","volume":"122","author":"JM Hock","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hock JM, Centrella M, Canalis E. Insulin-like growth factor I has independent effects on bone matrix formation and cell replication. Endocrinology. 1988;122(1):254\u201360.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4536_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00006","volume":"4","author":"CGT Tahimic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tahimic CGT, Wang Y, Bikle DD. Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton. Front Endocrinol. 2013;4:6.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa597","volume":"60","author":"A Hartley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hartley A, Sanderson E, Paternoster L, Teumer A, Kaplan RC, Tobias JH, et al. Mendelian randomization provides evidence for a causal effect of higher serum IGF-1 concentration on risk of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(4):1676\u201386.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"12","key":"4536_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361209","volume":"36","author":"J Dequeker","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dequeker J, Mohan S, Finkelman RD, Aerssens J, Baylink DJ. Generalized osteoarthritis associated with increased insulin-like growth factor types I and II and transforming growth factor \u03b2 in cortical bone from the iliac crest. Possible mechanism of increased bone density and protection against osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(12):1702\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"4536_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.12.007","volume":"183","author":"ME Gruen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gruen ME, Messenger KM, Thomson AE, Griffith EH, Aldrich LA, Vaden S, et al. Evaluation of serum cytokines in cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2017;183:49\u201359.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4536_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12470652","volume":"15","author":"X Gao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gao X, Lee J, Malladi S, Melendez L, Lascelles BDX, Al-Murrani S. Feline degenerative joint disease: a genomic and proteomic approach. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;15(6):466\u201377.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"4536_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobasheri A, Saarakkala S, Finnila M, Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC, van Spil WE. Recent advances in understanding the phenotypes of osteoarthritis. F1000Res. 2019; 8.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20575.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"4536_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3845","volume":"14","author":"CR Chu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chu CR, Williams AA, Coyle CH, Bowers ME. Early diagnosis to enable early treatment of pre-osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(3):212.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"4536_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.07.025","volume":"140","author":"CJ Ley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ley CJ, Leijon A, Uhlhorn M, Marcelino L, Hansson K, Ley C. Computed tomography is superior to radiography for detection of feline elbow osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci. 2021;140:6\u201317.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"4536_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.05.010","volume":"137","author":"C Ley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ley C, Ramer G, Leijon A, Ley CJ. Acetabular margin changes in feline hip joints - implications for radiologic diagnosis and development of osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci. 2021;137:243\u201351.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211071078","volume":"34","author":"C Ley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ley C, Leijon AT, Nyberg TE, Lindstr\u00f6m LM, Ley CJ. Falciform fat:femur length ratio provides a novel method for objective postmortem estimation of total body fat in overweight and obese cats. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2022;34(2):237\u201345.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01765.x","volume":"52","author":"LE Buelund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buelund LE, Nielsen DH, McEvoy FJ, Svalastoga EL, Bjornvad CR. Measurement of body composition in cats using computed tomography and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52(2):179\u201384.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"4536_CR50","first-page":"13","volume":"25","author":"DP Laflamme","year":"1997","unstructured":"Laflamme DP. Development and validation of a body condition score systemfor cats: a clinical tool. Feline Pract. 1997;25(5\u20136):13\u20138.","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"4536_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.04.008","volume":"114","author":"A Leijon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leijon A, Ley CJ, Corin A, Ley C. Cartilage lesions in feline stifle joints - associations with articular mineralizations and implications for osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci. 2017;114:186\u201393.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12289","volume":"44","author":"EM Strage","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strage EM, Theodorsson E, Str\u00f6m Holst B, Lillieh\u00f6\u00f6k I, Lewitt MS. Insulin-like growth factor I in cats: validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and determination of biologic variation. Vet Clin Pathol. 2015;44(4):542\u201351.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4536_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.10.1879","volume":"129","author":"A Maxwell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maxwell A, Butterwick R, Batt RM, Camacho-H\u00fcbner C. Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations are reduced by short-term dietary restriction and restored by refeeding in domestic cats (Felis catus). J Nutr. 1999;129(10):1879\u201384.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4536_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127794","volume":"10","author":"SJM Niessen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niessen SJM, Forcada Y, Mantis P, Lamb CR, Harrington N, Fowkes R, et al. Studying cat (Felis catus) diabetes: beware of the acromegalic imposter. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0127794.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"4536_CR55","first-page":"892","volume":"21","author":"RIM Berg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berg RIM, Nelson RW, Feldman EC, Kass PH, Pollard R, Refsal KR. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in cats with diabetes mellitus and acromegaly. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(5):892\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4536_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16119","volume":"35","author":"E Zini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zini E, Salesov E, Willing A, Palizzotto C, Lutz TA, Reusch CE. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in healthy cats before and after weight gain and weight loss. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(3):1274\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4536_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.08.006","volume":"17","author":"AG Renehan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Renehan AG, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A. Obesity and cancer risk: the role of the insulin-IGF axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006;17(8):328\u201336.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.02.009","volume":"49","author":"A Hjelholt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hjelholt A, H\u00f8gild M, Bak AM, Arlien-S\u00f8borg MC, B\u00e6k A, Jessen N, et al. Growth hormone and obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020;49(2):239\u201350.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-006-0409-4","volume":"9","author":"M Scacchi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scacchi M, Cavagnini F, Acromegaly. Pituitary. 2006;9(4):297\u2013303.","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/169918","volume":"61","author":"A Wydra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wydra A, Stelmachowska-Bana\u015b M, Czajka-Oraniec I. Skeletal complications in acromegaly. Reumatologia. 2023;61(4):248\u201355.","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"4536_CR61","first-page":"24","volume":"28","author":"A Colao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Colao A, Pivonello R, Scarpa R, Vallone G, Ruosi C, Lombardi G. The acromegalic arthropathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(8 Suppl):24\u201331.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370215","volume":"37","author":"S Dor\u00e9","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dor\u00e9 S, Pelletier J-P, DiBattista JA, Tardif G, Brazeau P, Martel-Pelletier J. Human osteoarthritic chondrocytes possess an increased number of insulin-like growth factor 1 binding sites but are unresponsive to its stimulation. Possible role of IGF-1-binding proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37(2):253\u201363.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"4536_CR63","first-page":"1096","volume":"81","author":"RC Olney","year":"1996","unstructured":"Olney RC, Tsuchiya K, Wilson DM, Mohtai M, Maloney WJ, Schurman DJ, et al. Chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage have increased expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and\u2013\u20095, but not IGF-II or IGFBP-4. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3):1096\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"4536_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2000.0103","volume":"2","author":"DJ Appleton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD. Plasma leptin concentrations in cats: reference range, effect of weight gain and relationship with adiposity as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Feline Med Surg. 2000;2(4):191\u20139.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4536_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00313.2006","volume":"292","author":"M Hoenig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoenig M, Thomaseth K, Waldron M, Ferguson DC. Insulin sensitivity, fat distribution, and adipocytokine response to different diets in lean and obese cats before and after weight loss. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292(1):R227\u2013234.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4536_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.796","volume":"61","author":"RC Backus","year":"2000","unstructured":"Backus RC, Havel PJ, Gingerich RL, Rogers QR. Relationship between serum leptin immunoreactivity and body fat mass as estimated by use of a novel gas-phase Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy deuterium dilution method in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61(7):796\u2013801.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4536_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1798","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00342.2011","volume":"301","author":"M Hoenig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoenig M, Jordan ET, Glushka J, Kley S, Patil A, Waldron M, et al. Effect of macronutrients, age, and obesity on 6- and 24-h postprandial glucose metabolism in cats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;301(6):R1798\u20131807.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4536_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.08.003","volume":"27","author":"FPB Kroon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kroon FPB, Veenbrink AI, de Mutsert R, Visser AW, van Dijk KW, le Cessie S, et al. The role of leptin and adiponectin as mediators in the relationship between adiposity and hand and knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(12):1761\u20137.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"3","key":"4536_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.09.012","volume":"91","author":"S Muranaka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muranaka S, Mori N, Hatano Y, Saito TR, Lee P, Kojima M, et al. Obesity induced changes to plasma adiponectin concentration and cholesterol lipoprotein composition profile in cats. Res Vet Sci. 2011;91(3):358\u201361.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.189","volume":"71","author":"K Ishioka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ishioka K, Omachi A, Sasaki N, Kimura K, Saito M. Feline adiponectin: molecular structures and plasma concentrations in obese cats. J Vet Med Sci. 2009;71(2):189\u201394.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"4536_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0091","volume":"81","author":"S Takashima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takashima S, Nishii N, Kobatake Y, Kiyosue M, Kimura S, Kitagawa H. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in the serum of obese cats during weight loss. J Vet Med Sci. 2019;81(9):1294\u2013300.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"4536_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-8","volume":"14","author":"HJ Song","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song HJ, Oh S, Quan S, Ryu O-H, Jeong J-Y, Hong K-S, et al. Gender differences in adiponectin levels and body composition in older adults: Hallym aging study. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:8.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"4536_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1137","volume":"101","author":"RA Ohman-Hanson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohman-Hanson RA, Cree-Green M, Kelsey MM, Bessesen DH, Sharp TA, Pyle L, et al. Ethnic and sex differences in adiponectin: from childhood to adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(12):4808\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"4536_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2734","volume":"51","author":"H Nishizawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nishizawa H, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Maeda N, Kuriyama H, Nagaretani H, et al. Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein. Diabetes. 2002;51(9):2734\u201341.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4536_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2013.11.006","volume":"47","author":"CR Bjornvad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bjornvad CR, Rand JS, Tan HY, Jensen KS, Rose FJ, Armstrong PJ, et al. Obesity and sex influence insulin resistance and total and multimer adiponectin levels in adult neutered domestic shorthair client-owned cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2014;47:55\u201364.","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4536_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813516648","volume":"51","author":"M Freire","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freire M, Meuten D, Lascelles D. Pathology of articular cartilage and synovial membrane from elbow joints with and without degenerative joint disease in domestic cats. Vet Pathol. 2014;51(5):968\u201378.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4536_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00143.x","volume":"47","author":"SP Clarke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clarke SP, Bennett D. Feline osteoarthritis: a prospective study of 28 cases. J Small Anim Pract. 2006;47(8):439\u201345.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"4536_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00340.x","volume":"46","author":"DR Godfrey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Godfrey DR. Osteoarthritis in cats: a retrospective radiological study. J Small Anim Pract. 2005;46(9):425\u20139.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"25","key":"4536_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.25.793","volume":"157","author":"SP Clarke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clarke SP, Mellor D, Clements DN, Gemmill T, Farrell M, Carmichael S, et al. Prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in a hospital population of cats. Vet Rec. 2005;157(25):793\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"4536_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2011.00097","volume":"2","author":"TD Turmezei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turmezei TD, Poole KE. Computed tomography of subchondral bone and osteophytes in hip osteoarthritis: the shape of things to come? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2011;2:97.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"24","key":"4536_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105115","volume":"185","author":"S Stadig","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stadig S, Lascelles BDX, Nyman G, Bergh A. Evaluation and comparison of pain questionnaires for clinical screening of osteoarthritis in cats. Vet Rec. 2019;185(24):757.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"4536_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X11432236","volume":"14","author":"A Tvarijonaviciute","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tvarijonaviciute A, German AJ, Mart\u00ednez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Ceron JJ. Analytical performance of commercially-available assays for feline insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), adiponectin and ghrelin measurements. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14(2):138\u201346.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"4536_CR83","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistical analysis","author":"RA Johnson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson RA, Wichern DW. Applied multivariate statistical analysis. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2007.","edition":"6"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04536-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04536-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04536-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T07:44:50Z","timestamp":1740469490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04536-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04536-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The studies were approved by Ethical Committee on Animal Experiments, Uppsala, Sweden (C27\/14 and C102714\/15), and an informed owner consent was provided for all cats.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"103"}}