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Long-standing eradication programs have been successful at lowering prevalence of disease in many countries; however, disease eradication has not been achieved. One major obstacle to eradication is the presence of various wildlife reservoirs for <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>, such as white-tailed deer (<jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>), which serve as a source of spill-back to cattle herds. A potential method to reduce intra- and inter-species disease transmission of <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> between wildlife and domestic livestock includes vaccination of wildlife species. Oral vaccination of white-tailed deer with the human tuberculosis vaccine, <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) has been demonstrated to afford some level of protection against experimental challenge. However, vaccinating wildlife presents its own challenges, primarily due to the need of a delivery platform that could be implemented at scale and would not require animal handling.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Oral vaccine delivery units or baits are an effective means of delivering vaccine to wildlife populations. Therefore, we explored whether sodium alginate spheres could be used as a delivery platform for BCG for vaccination of white-tailed deer. We assessed the development of peripheral immune responses following BCG vaccination and demonstrated that passive administration of BCG via alginate spheres results in antigen-specific cellular responses, similar to oral administration of BCG.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our data characterize the kinetics of cellular responses elicited by oral vaccination and suggest passive oral administration of BCG as a potential means to vaccinate free-ranging white-tailed deer.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04643-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T02:54:39Z","timestamp":1742612079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oral delivery of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in alginate spheres to captive white-tailed deer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Paola M.","family":"Boggiatto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Sterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayden","family":"Hamby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"VerCauteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Feuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Henry","family":"Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Kanipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitchell V.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"s1","key":"4643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12115","volume":"60","author":"MV Palmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palmer MV. 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