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Leaf supplementation enhanced growth performance (final weight: 120.5 \u00b1\u20090.7 g &amp; gain% 65.2) and disease resistance, while seed supplementation elicited adverse physiological outcomes. Fish treated with seed powder exhibited reduced growth performance (gain % 11.2), elevated stress markers (glucose: 113.3 \u00b1\u20093.8 mg\/dL; cortisol: 27.4 \u00b1\u20091.3 \u03bcg\/dL), and compromised liver function (ALT: 30.2 \u00b1\u20091.1 U\/L; AST: 53.0 \u00b1\u20091.6 U\/L), evident through histological changes. Both treatments modulated immune responses, significantly upregulating pro-inflammatory serum cytokines (<jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IL- 1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, IL- 6) and increasing gene expression in kidney and spleen tissues, with seeds group showing more pronounced elevations (<jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>: 4.15-fold, <jats:italic>IL- 1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 3.15-fold in spleen) compared to moderate increases in leaves group (<jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>: 2.48-fold, <jats:italic>IL- 1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 1.62-fold). Oxidant\/antioxidant analysis revealed contrasting effects: leaf treatment enhanced superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and reduced lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), while seed treatment compromised SOD defense and increased oxidative biomarker (MDA). Upon challenge with <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>, leaf-treated fish maintained 100% survival, while seed-treated and control groups showed 85% and 60% survival rates, respectively. These findings underscore the potential of <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic> leaf powder as an effective water supplement for enhancing growth and disease resistance in aquaculture, while cautioning against the use of seed powder due to its adverse physiological effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04717-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:43:59Z","timestamp":1746578639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative physiological and immunological impacts of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed water supplements on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): effects on disease resistance and health parameters"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Howyda G.","family":"Gaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehal A.","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohair Y.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4717_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2014.2215","volume":"18","author":"H Abbas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abbas H, El-Badawi A. 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