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Ammonia exposure, a frequent challenge in aquaculture, can lead to significant economic losses. This study investigated the impact of un-ionized ammonia (UIA) exposure on the expression profiles of three key genes in common carp fry: interleukin-1 beta (\n                      <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), corticotropin-releasing hormone (\n                      <jats:italic>CRH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and leptin a1 (\n                      <jats:italic>Lep-a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). These genes are crucial indicators of immune response, stress regulation, and appetite control, respectively. Fish were exposed to 0.7\u00a0mg\/L of UIA, and gene expression was analysed in liver and gill tissues at five time points (12\u00a0h, 2-, 4-, 7-, and 14-days of exposure) using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results demonstrated that expression levels of all three genes were significantly affected by exposure time and tissue type.\n                      <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CRH<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Lep-a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      were upregulated in both liver and gill tissues, with the liver consistently showing higher expression levels. Notably, significant positive correlations were observed between each pair of the three genes studied, suggesting a coordinated physiological response to ammonia stress. The liver emerged as a key organ in orchestrating the long-term adaptive response, while the gills exhibited a more acute, transient reaction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological response of common carp to ammonia toxicity. The findings highlight the complex interplay between immune, stress, and metabolic pathways in coping with ammonia exposure. A deep understanding of these mechanisms could lead to improved management strategies in aquaculture and the development of potential biomarkers for assessing stress responses in fish populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04749-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T23:30:02Z","timestamp":1748388602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of ammonia exposure on the expression of IL-1\u03b2, CRH, and lep-a1 genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6329-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3136-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah A. 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