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ICOS is one of the core factors of multitype T cell subsets involved in the regulation of immune homeostasis. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the distribution patterns of ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the small intestine of sheep and determine the impact of <jats:italic>Moniezia benedeni<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>M. benedeni<\/jats:italic>) infection on these cells.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this study, a sheep pET-28a-ICOS recombinant plasmid was constructed, and the recombinant protein was obtained through induced expression in BL21 (DE3) cells. Furthermore, a rabbit polyclonal antibody against sheep ICOS was produced. The expression of ICOS in the sheep small intestine was analyzed using immunofluorescence and ELISA, comparing the results before and after <jats:italic>M. benedeni<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings revealed that the purified recombinant ICOS protein had the anticipated size (14.2 kDa). The rabbit anti-sheep ICOS polyclonal antibody showed good specificity and a titer of 1:128,000. ELISA results indicated a significant increase in ICOS expression in all segments of the small intestine after <jats:italic>M. benedeni<\/jats:italic> infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>0.05<\/jats:italic>). The ileum exhibited the most substantial increase in expression (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>0.001<\/jats:italic>), followed by the jejunum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>0.05<\/jats:italic>) and duodenum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>0.05<\/jats:italic>). Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells are diffusely distributed in the intestinal epithelium and around the intestinal glands in the lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of sheep. Moreover, after being infected with <jats:italic>M. benedeni<\/jats:italic>, the number of ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in all intestinal segments significantly increases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>0.05<\/jats:italic>), with the most significant increase in the intestinal epithelium of the duodenum.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings suggest that <jats:italic>M. benedeni<\/jats:italic> infection in sheep can stimulate the proliferation of ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the small intestine. This lays the foundation for future research on the role of ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in regulating cellular immunity against parasitic infections in different segments of the small intestine.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04761-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T01:17:11Z","timestamp":1746235031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Moniezia benedeni infection promoting ICOS+ T cell proliferation in sheep (Ovis aries) small intestine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Baoshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanling","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LiLan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhu","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangdong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4761_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00304","volume":"7","author":"DJ Wikenheiser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wikenheiser DJ, Stumhofer JS. 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