{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:24:32Z","timestamp":1762957472877,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010576","name":"Iowa Pork Producer Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04778-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:19:13Z","timestamp":1762957153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing dynamics of PRRSV RNA positivity over time in sows after live virus exposure and associated risk factors based on TOSc samples"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Yeske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swami","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Arruda","family":"Cezar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Mil-Homens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isadora","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C. A.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thinh Tran Pham","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariah Negri","family":"Musskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"De Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elly K.","family":"Kirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovani","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C. L.","family":"Linhares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4778_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.05.010","volume":"116","author":"DC Linhares","year":"2014","unstructured":"Linhares DC, et al. Comparison of time to PRRSv-stability and production losses between two exposure programs to control PRRSv in Sow herds. Prev Vet Med. 2014;116(1\u20132):111\u20139.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"4778_CR2","unstructured":"Daniel CL, Linhares G, Trevisan R, Main DH. Leticia Linhares, Cesar Corzo, Swine Disease Management Information Program # 20\u2013109. 2022."},{"key":"4778_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105701","volume":"206","author":"OH Osemeke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osemeke OH, et al. Effect of pooling family oral fluids on the probability of PRRSV RNA detection by RT-rtPCR. Prev Vet Med. 2022;206:105701.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"4778_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtkamp DJ. Proposed modifications to Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus herd classification. J Swine Health Prod. 2021.","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1218"},{"key":"4778_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105021","volume":"180","author":"WA L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez WA, et al. Practical aspects of PRRSV RNA detection in processing fluids collected in commercial swine farms. Prev Vet Med. 2020;180:105021.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"4778_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105427","volume":"194","author":"MN Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida MN, et al. A comparison of three sampling approaches for detecting PRRSV in suckling piglets. Prev Vet Med. 2021;194:105427.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"4778_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105397","volume":"193","author":"MN Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida MN, et al. Finding PRRSV in Sow herds: family oral fluids vs. serum samples from due-to-wean pigs. Prev Vet Med. 2021;193:105397.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"4778_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993442","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.993442","volume":"9","author":"IF Machado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Machado IF, et al. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in tongue tips from dead animals. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:993442.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4778_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0391-4","volume":"47","author":"E Pileri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pileri E, Mateu E. Review on the transmission Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between pigs and farms and impact on vaccination. Vet Res. 2016;47(1):108.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4778_CR10","first-page":"303","volume":"73","author":"JP Cano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cano JP, et al. Infection dynamics and clinical manifestations following experimental inoculation of gilts at 90 days of gestation with a low dose of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Can J Vet Res. 2009;73(4):303\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4778_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.08.008","volume":"88","author":"I Kang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kang I, et al. Localization of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mammary glands of experimentally infected sows. Res Vet Sci. 2010;88(2):304\u20136.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4778_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00013-5","volume":"86","author":"DC Horter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horter DC, et al. Characterization of the carrier state in Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Microbiol. 2002;86(3):213\u201328.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"4778_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.04.023","volume":"131","author":"A Henao-Diaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henao-Diaz A, et al. Understanding and interpreting PRRSV diagnostics in the context of disease transition stages. Res Vet Sci. 2020;131:173\u20136.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"4778_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-111025","volume":"4","author":"JK Lunney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lunney JK, et al. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): pathogenesis and interaction with the immune system. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2016;4:129\u201354.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4778_CR15","first-page":"261","volume":"65","author":"MD Bierk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bierk MD, et al. Transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from persistently infected sows to contact controls. Can J Vet Res. 2001;65(4):261\u20136.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4778_CR16","first-page":"196","volume":"66","author":"L Batista","year":"2002","unstructured":"Batista L, et al. Assessing the duration of persistence and shedding of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a large population of breeding-age gilts. Can J Vet Res. 2002;66(3):196\u2013200.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"4778_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.22.687","volume":"148","author":"MD Bierk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bierk MD, et al. Diagnostic investigation of chronic Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a breeding herd of pigs. Vet Rec. 2001;148(22):687\u201390.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"4778_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506995","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1506995","volume":"11","author":"P Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li P, et al. Comparison of tonsil-oral-scrubbing with serum, oral fluid, and tonsil scraping to detect PRRSV RNA in sows over time following live virus inoculation. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1506995.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4778_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106082","volume":"223","author":"P Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li P, et al. Comparison of a novel rapid sampling method to serum and tonsil scraping to detect PRRSV in acutely infected sows. Prev Vet Med. 2024;223:106082.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4778_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.58-62.2003","volume":"41","author":"RW Wills","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wills RW, et al. Duration of infection and proportion of pigs persistently infected with Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(1):58\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"4778_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10834","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10834-10837.2000","volume":"74","author":"R Allende","year":"2000","unstructured":"Allende R, et al. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: description of persistence in individual pigs upon experimental infection. J Virol. 2000;74(22):10834\u20137.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"4778_CR22","unstructured":"Paiva R et al. Description of practices adopted in response to Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreaks among breeding herds in the united States from 2019\u20132021."},{"issue":"1","key":"4778_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-024-00385-7","volume":"10","author":"P Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li P, et al. Characterizing best practices for tonsil-oral-scrubbing (TOSc) collection for PRRSV RNA detection in sows. Porcine Health Manag. 2024;10(1):37.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag"},{"key":"4778_CR24","unstructured":"Kosmidis I. and D. Firth."},{"key":"4778_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-177","volume":"6","author":"KL Klinge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klinge KL, et al. Age-dependent resistance to Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in swine. Virol J. 2009;6:177.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"4778_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221114855","volume":"34","author":"W L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez W, et al. Considerations in the use of processing fluids for the detection of PRRSV RNA and antibody. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2022;34(5):859\u201363.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"22","key":"4778_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.03.031","volume":"25","author":"JP Cano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cano JP, et al. Impact of a modified-live Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine intervention on a population of pigs infected with a heterologous isolate. Vaccine. 2007;25(22):4382\u201391.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4778_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawal G et al. Development, evaluation, and clinical application of PRRSV-2 Vaccine-like Real-Time RT-PCR assays. Viruses. 2023;15(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112240"},{"issue":"1","key":"4778_CR29","first-page":"22","volume":"65","author":"SA Dee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dee SA, et al. An evaluation of test and removal for the elimination of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from 5 swine farms. Can J Vet Res. 2001;65(1):22\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"4778_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.143.17.474","volume":"143","author":"SA Dee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dee SA, Molitor TW. Elimination of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using a test and removal process. Vet Rec. 1998;143(17):474\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"4778_CR31","unstructured":"YAN ZJ, et al. Eliminating African swine fever virues In four large Sow herds by new generation Test - Removal technology In China from 2018 to 2019. In IPVS. Rio De Janeiro Brazil; 2022."},{"key":"4778_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-016-0049-7","volume":"3","author":"Y Koketsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koketsu Y, Tani S, Iida R. Factors for improving reproductive performance of sows and herd productivity in commercial breeding herds. Porcine Health Manag. 2017;3:1.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4778_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.07.003","volume":"65","author":"RW Humphry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Humphry RW, Cameron A, Gunn GJ. A practical approach to calculate sample size for herd prevalence surveys. Prev Vet Med. 2004;65(3\u20134):173\u201388.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04778-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04778-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04778-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:19:15Z","timestamp":1762957155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04778-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04778-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Iowa State University, Iowa, approved this study (IACUC-22-101). Informed consent from the herd veterinarian to use the animals was also obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"658"}}