{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:46:56Z","timestamp":1789872416562,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04813-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T22:19:15Z","timestamp":1747865955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dietary L-carnitine modulates oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and pulmonary hypertension in chickens raised at high-altitude under cold stress"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Behnam","family":"Ahmadipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud Hayat","family":"Isfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Abaszadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Hassanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariborz","family":"Khajali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.784","volume":"8","author":"F Khajali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khajali F. Managing broiler production challenges at high altitude. Vet Med Sci. 2022;8(4):1519\u201327.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"4813_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-020-02037-1","volume":"65","author":"P Gaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaur P, Prasad S, Kumar B, Sharma SK, Vats P. High-altitude hypoxia induced reactive oxygen species generation, signaling, and mitigation approaches. Int J Biometeorol. 2021;65:601\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12333","volume":"100","author":"M Sharifi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharifi M, Khajali F, Hassanpour H. Antioxidant supplementation of low-protein diets reduced susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens Raised at high altitude. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2016;100(1):69\u201376.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"4813_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan G, Devaraj C, Silpa M, Sejian V. Thermoregulation in birds. In: Textbook of veterinary physiology. edn.: Springer;2023:751\u201364.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-9410-4_29"},{"issue":"2","key":"4813_CR5","first-page":"163","volume":"7","author":"B Ahmadipour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadipour B, Kalantar M, Hassanpour H. Effect of Securigera securidaca seed on the gene expression of pulmonary hypertensive broiler chickens induced by cool temperature and high-altitude. Poult Sci J. 2019;7(2):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Poult Sci J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2090305","volume":"78","author":"ME Hossain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hossain ME, Akter N. Further insights into the prevention of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in broiler: a 65-year review. World\u2019s Poult Sci J. 2022;78(3):641\u201388.","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult Sci J"},{"issue":"6","key":"4813_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660903141005","volume":"50","author":"H Hassanpour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hassanpour H, Yazdani A, Khabir Soreshjani K, Asgharzadeh S. Evaluation of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase genes expression in the heart of broiler chickens with experimental pulmonary hypertension. Br Poult Sci. 2009;50(6):725\u201332.","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450701460765","volume":"36","author":"X Tan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tan X, Hu S-H, Wang X-L. Possible role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in broilers: a synopsis. Avian Pathol. 2007;36(4):261\u20137.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4813_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111375","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang K, Li C. Oxidative stress in poultry and the therapeutic role of herbal medicine in intestinal health. Antioxidants. 2024;13(11):1375.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"4813_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oke O, Akosile O, Oni A, Opowoye I, Ishola C, Adebiyi J, Odeyemi A, Adjei-Mensah B, Uyanga V, Abioja M. Oxidative stress in poultry production. Poult Sci. 2024;104003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104003"},{"issue":"2","key":"4813_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5021143","volume":"5","author":"N Netzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Netzer N, Gatterer H, Faulhaber M, Burtscher M, Pramsohler S, Pesta D. Hypoxia, oxidative stress and fat. Biomolecules. 2015;5(2):1143\u201350.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030214","volume":"8","author":"I Mylonis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mylonis I, Simos G, Paraskeva E. Hypoxia-inducible factors and the regulation of lipid metabolism. Cells. 2019;8(3):214.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"4813_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqz046","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqz046","volume":"161","author":"IR Schlaepfer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schlaepfer IR, Joshi M. CPT1A-mediated fat oxidation, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Endocrinology. 2020;161(2):bqz046.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4813_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2018.02.009","volume":"46","author":"MM Adeva-Andany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adeva-Andany MM, Carneiro-Freire N, Seco-Filgueira M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez C, Mouri\u00f1o-Bayolo D. Mitochondrial \u03b2-oxidation of saturated fatty acids in humans. Mitochondrion. 2019;46:73\u201390.","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"4813_CR15","unstructured":"Chang N. Functional analysis of the oncogene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1\u00a0C and its regulation under hypoxia. University of Zurich; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.26744","volume":"72","author":"\u039c Azizi-Chekosari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azizi-Chekosari \u039c, Bouye \u039c, Seidavi A. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in diets of broiler chickens. J Hell Vet Med Soc. 2021;72(1):2611\u201328.","journal-title":"J Hell Vet Med Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4813_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0120145","volume":"50","author":"A Yousefi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yousefi A, Khajali F, Hassanpour H, Khajali Z. Dietary L-carnitine improves pulmonary hypertensive response in broiler chickens subjected to hypobaric hypoxia. J Poult Sci. 2013;50(2):143\u20139.","journal-title":"J Poult Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4813_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00727.x","volume":"92","author":"X Tan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tan X, Hu S, Wang X. The effect of dietary l-carnitine supplementation on pulmonary hypertension syndrome mortality in broilers exposed to low temperatures. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2008;92(2):203\u201310.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13210","volume":"104","author":"E \u00c7etin","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c7etin E, G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc BK. Effect of dietary l-carnitine supplementation and energy level on oxidant\/antioxidant balance in laying hens subjected to high stocking density. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2020;104(1):136\u201343.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2018.011","volume":"66","author":"B Ahmadipour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmadipour B, Sharifi M, Khajali F. Pulmonary hypertensive response of broiler chickens to arginine and guanidinoacetic acid under high-altitude hypoxia. Acta Vet Hung. 2018;66(1):116\u201324.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"4813_CR21","unstructured":"Aviagen R. Ross 308 nutrition specifications. Scotland (UK), Aviagen. 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR22","first-page":"30","volume":"13","author":"FF Hasani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hasani FF, Ahmadipour B, Hassanpour H, Khajali F. Effect of L-carnitine, emulsifier, and their combination on lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide production, and heterophil\/lymphocyte ratio in chickens under high altitude. J Basic Clin Pathophysiol. 2025;13(1):30\u20135.","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Pathophysiol"},{"key":"4813_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadipour B, Hasani FF, Hassanpour H, Khajali F. Effect of L-carnitine and emulsifier on growth performance, lipid profile, lipogenesis, and oxidative stress of broiler chickens Raised at high altitude. Poult Sci. 2025;105157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105157"},{"issue":"6","key":"4813_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12959","volume":"102","author":"R Ringseis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics and efficacy of L\u2010carnitine as a feed additive in pigs and poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2018;102(6):1686\u2013719.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0170044","volume":"55","author":"B Ahmadipour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmadipour B, Naeini SZ, Sharifi M, Khajali F. Growth performance and right ventricular hypertrophy responses of broiler chickens to guanidinoacetic acid supplementation under hypobaric hypoxia. J Poult Sci. 2018;55(1):60\u20134.","journal-title":"J Poult Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2022.2163877","volume":"64","author":"H Hassanpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassanpour H, Farhadi N, Bahadoran S, Akbari M. Cardiac telomere attrition following changes in the expression of shelterin genes in pulmonary hypertensive chickens. Br Poult Sci. 2023;64(3):370\u20136.","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"4813_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-0968-z","volume":"59","author":"H Hassanpour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassanpour H, Khalaji-Pirbalouty V, Nasiri L, Mohebbi A, Bahadoran S. Oxidant and enzymatic antioxidant status (gene expression and activity) in the brain of chickens with cold-induced pulmonary hypertension. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59:1615\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.3.679","volume":"44","author":"JA Navarro-Gonzalvez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Navarro-Gonzalvez JA, Garc\u00eda-Benayas C, Arenas J. Semiautomated measurement of nitrate in biological fluids. Clin Chem. 1998;44(3):679\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"4813_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Leon JAD, Borges CR. Evaluation of oxidative stress in biological samples using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. J Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 2020;159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/61122.","DOI":"10.3791\/61122"},{"issue":"5","key":"4813_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.556","volume":"7","author":"B Ahmadipour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmadipour B, Pat S, Abaszadeh S, Hassanpour H, Khajali F. Pomegranate Peel as a phytogenic in broiler chickens: influence upon antioxidant, lipogenesis and hypotensive response. Vet Med Sci. 2021;7(5):1907\u201313.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2019.1680802","volume":"61","author":"N Pirany","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pirany N, Bakrani Balani A, Hassanpour H, Mehraban H. Differential expression of genes implicated in liver lipid metabolism in broiler chickens differing in weight. Br Poult Sci. 2020;61(1):10\u20136.","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.2014.022","volume":"62","author":"F Khajali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khajali F, Khajali Z. L-carnitine supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation and improves cardiopulmonary function in broiler chickens reared at high altitude. Acta Vet Hung. 2014;62(4):489\u201399.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"4813_CR33","first-page":"250","volume":"6","author":"AQ Janwari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janwari AQ, Mir MS, Amin U, Ahmad S, Shah MS, Khan HM, Kamil SA, Darzi MM. Prevalence and epidemiology of pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broiler chicken reared under temperate Climatic conditions of Northern Himalayas. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2018;6:250\u20137.","journal-title":"J Entomol Zool Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR34","first-page":"66","volume":"2","author":"PF Surai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Surai PF. Antioxidant action of carnitine: molecular mechanisms and practical applications. EC Vet Sci. 2015;2(1):66\u201384.","journal-title":"EC Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4813_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060931","volume":"10","author":"AK Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah AK, Bhullar SK, Elimban V, Dhalla NS. Oxidative stress as a mechanism for functional alterations in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Antioxidants. 2021;10(6):931.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"10","key":"4813_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa074","volume":"33","author":"Y Hirooka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirooka Y. Sympathetic activation in hypertension: importance of the central nervous system. Am J Hypertens. 2020;33(10):914\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.131417","volume":"54","author":"EC Hart","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hart EC, Joyner MJ, Wallin BG, Johnson CP, Curry TB, Eisenach JH, Charkoudian N. Age-related differences in the sympathetic-hemodynamic balance in men. Hypertension. 2009;54(1):127\u201333.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"20","key":"4813_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11903","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15809","volume":"24","author":"M Makrecka-Kuka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Makrecka-Kuka M, Korzh S, Videja M, Vilskersts R, Sevostjanovs E, Zharkova\u2010Malkova O, Arsenyan P, Kuka J, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E. Inhibition of CPT2 exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and inflammation in experimental endotoxaemia. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(20):11903\u201311.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"4813_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.075978","volume":"126","author":"L He","year":"2012","unstructured":"He L, Kim T, Long Q, Liu J, Wang P, Zhou Y, Ding Y, Prasain J, Wood PA, Yang Q. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b deficiency aggravates pressure overload\u2013induced cardiac hypertrophy caused by lipotoxicity. Circulation. 2012;126(14):1705\u201316.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14072","volume":"142","author":"JN Jernberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jernberg JN, Bowman CE, Wolfgang MJ, Scafidi S. Developmental regulation and localization of carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPT s) in rat brain. J Neurochem. 2017;142(3):407\u201319.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2015.1058920","volume":"56","author":"H Hassanpour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassanpour H, Nikoukar Z, Nasiri L, Bahadoran S. Differential gene expression of three nitric oxide synthases is consistent with increased nitric oxide in the hindbrain of broilers with cold-induced pulmonary hypertension. Br Poult Sci. 2015;56(4):436\u201342.","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4813_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411","volume":"18","author":"NP Du Sert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du Sert NP, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M. Reporting animal research: explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol. 2020;18(7):e3000411.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04813-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04813-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04813-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T22:19:19Z","timestamp":1747865959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04813-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04813-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The project underwent ethical review and was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Shahrekord University (IR.SKU. REC.1403.001). The care and use of experimental animals complied with local animal welfare laws, guidelines, and policies. The study was also carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines [\n                      \n                      ].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"369"}}