{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:21:29Z","timestamp":1772166089001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04825-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T23:02:22Z","timestamp":1748214142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatial and temporal analysis of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in livestock in Uganda: a retrospective study from 2013 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Kalenzi","family":"Atuhaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Hasahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nakanjako","family":"Gladys K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mwebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Nizeyimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Afayoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank Norbert","family":"Mwiine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Erume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4825_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"OW Lwande","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lwande OW, Paul GO, Chiyo PI, Ng\u2019ang\u2019a E, Otieno V, Obanda V, et al. Spatio-temporal variation in prevalence of rift Valley fever: a post-epidemic serum survey in cattle and wildlife in Kenya. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2015;5(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4825_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"M Kasye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasye M, Teshome D, Abiye A, Eshetu A. Austin virology and retro virology A review on rift Valley fever on animal, human health and its impact on live stock marketing. Austin Virol Retro Virol. 2016;3(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Austin Virol Retro Virol"},{"key":"4825_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tumusiime D, Isingoma E, Tashoroora OB, Ndumu DB, Bahati M, Nantima N et al. Mapping the risk of Rift Valley fever in Uganda using national seroprevalence data from cattle, sheep and goats. 2023;(i):1\u201320. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010482"},{"issue":"10","key":"4825_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005082","volume":"10","author":"E Nakoun\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakoun\u00e9 E, Kamgang B, Berthet N, Manirakiza A, Kazanji M. Rift Valley fever virus Circulating among ruminants, mosquitoes and humans in the central African Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(10):1\u201312.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4825_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ, Mahgoub MM, Amin E, Rayah E, Ouma JO. Recent outbreaks of rift Valley fever in East Africa and the middle East. 2014;2(October):1\u201311.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00169"},{"key":"4825_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birungi D, Aceng FL, Bulage L, Nkonwa IH, Mirembe BB, Biribawa C et al. Sporadic Rift Valley Fever Outbreaks in Humans and Animals in Uganda, October 2017-January 2018. J Environ Public Health. 2021;2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8881191"},{"issue":"3","key":"4825_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1972.11686834","volume":"66","author":"BE Henderson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Henderson BE, Mc Crae AWR, Kirya BG, Ssenkubuge Y, Sempala SDK. Arbovirus epizootics involving man, mosquitoes and vertebrates at Lunyo, Uganda 1968. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1972;66(3):343\u201355.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"4825_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyakarahuka L, Whitmer S, Klena J, Balinandi S, Talundzic E, Tumusiime A et al. Detection of sporadic outbreaks of rift Valley fever in Uganda through the National viral hemorrhagic fever surveillance system, 2017\u20132020. 2023;108(5):995\u20131002.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0410"},{"issue":"3","key":"4825_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0732","volume":"100","author":"TR Shoemaker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shoemaker TR, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Ojwang J, Tumusiime A, Mulei S, et al. First laboratory-confirmed outbreak of human and animal rift Valley fever virus in Uganda in 48 years. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100(3):659\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4825_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumley S, Horton DL, Marston DA, Johnson N, Ellis RJ, Fooks AR et al. Complete genome sequence of rift Valley fever virus strain Lunyo. Genome Announc. 2016;4(2).","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00170-16"},{"key":"4825_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson S, Linthicum KJ, Turell MJ, Anyamba A. Rift Valley fever virus: Movement of infected humans threatens global public health and agriculture. 2022;(029).","DOI":"10.1079\/cabireviews202217029"},{"issue":"3","key":"4825_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0504","volume":"109","author":"L Nyakarahuka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nyakarahuka L, Kyondo J, Telford C, Whitesell A, Tumusiime A, Mulei S, et al. A countrywide seroepidemiological survey of rift Valley fever in livestock, Uganda, 2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023;109(3):548\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4825_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tumusiime D, Isingoma E, Tashoroora OB, Ndumu DB, Bahati M, Nantima N et al. Mapping the risk of Rift Valley fever in Uganda using national seroprevalence data from cattle, sheep and goats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2023;17(5):1\u201320. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010482"},{"key":"4825_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndumu DB, Bakamutumaho B, Miller E, Nakayima J, Downing R, Balinandi S et al. Serological evidence of rift Valley fever virus infection among domestic ruminant herds in Uganda. 2021;1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02867-0"},{"key":"4825_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tumusiime D, Nijhof AM, Groschup MH, Lutwama J, Roesel K, Bett B. Participatory survey of risk factors and pathways for Rift Valley fever in pastoral and agropastoral communities of Uganda. Prev Vet Med [Internet]. 2023;221(November):106071. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106071"},{"issue":"3","key":"4825_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009202","volume":"15","author":"Y Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim Y, M\u00e9tras R, Dommergues L, Youssouffi C, Combo S, Le Godais G, et al. The role of livestock movements in the spread of rift Valley fever virus in animals and humans in Mayotte, 2018\u201319. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(3):1\u201319.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4825_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.384","volume":"80","author":"NJ Pienaar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pienaar NJ, Thompson PN. Temporal and Spatial history of rift Valley fever in South Africa: 1950 to 2011. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2013;80(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4825_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"88","author":"T Umuhoza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Umuhoza T, Berkvens D, Gafarasi I, Rukelibuga J, Mushonga B, Biryomumaisho S. Seroprevalence of rift Valley fever in cattle along the Akagera-Nyabarongo rivers, Rwanda. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2017;88(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"4825_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer EAJ, Boender G, jan, Nodelijk G, Koeijer AA, Van De, Roermund HJW. The transmission potential of rift Valley fever virus among livestock in the Netherlands: a modelling study. 2013;1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-58"},{"issue":"1","key":"4825_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v88i1.1877","volume":"88","author":"HYAH Mahmoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoud HYAH, Ali AO. Epidemiology and serological detection of rift Valley fever disease in farm animals in Southern Egypt. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2021;88(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"4825_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tigoi C, Sang R, Chepkorir E, Orindi B, Arum SO, Mulwa F et al. High risk for human exposure to rift valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: A cross-sectional survey in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2020;14(2):1\u201315. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007979"},{"key":"4825_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcr S, Kale M, Erol N, Yapici O, Mamak N, Yavru S. The first serological evidence for Rift Valley fever infection in the camel, goitered gazelle and Anatolian water buffaloes in Turkey. 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1359-8"},{"key":"4825_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoemaker T, Boulianne C, Vincent MJ, Pezzanite L, Al-Qahtani MM, Al-Mazrou Y et al. Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000-01. 8, Emerging Infectious Diseases \u2022. 2002.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020195"},{"key":"4825_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO JEE Report for the Republic of Uganda. 2017; Available from: http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=10712711&site=ehost-live"},{"key":"4825_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramadhani A, Id I, Ahmed A, Katakweba S, Kicheleri P, Chengula AA et al. PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES Knowledge, attitudes and practices on rift valley fever among pastoral and agropastoral communities of Ngorongoro in the rift valley ecosystem, Tanzania, conducted in 2021 \/. 2022. 2023;1\u201321. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011560"},{"key":"4825_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sindato C, Karimuribo ED, Pfeiffer DU, Mboera LEG, Kivaria F, Dautu G et al. Spatial and Temporal pattern of rift Valley fever outbreaks in Tanzania; 1930 to 2007. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088897"},{"key":"4825_CR27","unstructured":"UBOS. National Livestock Census 2021 Main Report. 2024;(March):1\u2013718."},{"key":"4825_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasahya E, Thakur K, Dione MM, Kerfua SD, Mugezi I, Lee HS. Analysis of patterns of livestock movements in the cattle corridor of Uganda for risk-based surveillance of infectious diseases. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1095293"},{"issue":"September","key":"4825_CR29","first-page":"923","volume":"24","author":"J Mugisha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mugisha J, Alobo. Determinants of land management practices in the agricultural highlands of Uganda: A case of Kabale highlands in Western Uganda. Third RUFORUM Bienn Meet. 2012;24(September):923\u201338.","journal-title":"Third RUFORUM Bienn Meet"},{"issue":"1725","key":"4825_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0165","volume":"372","author":"DW Redding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Redding DW, Tiedt S, Lo Iacono G, Bett B, Jones KE. Spatial, seasonal and Climatic predictive models of rift Valley fever disease across Africa. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1725):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4825_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810001020","volume":"139","author":"RM Murithi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, MacHaria JM, Hightower A, Luman ET, et al. Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139(3):372\u201380.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"4825_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prasad A, Sreedharan S, Bakthavachalu B, Laxman S. Eggs of the mosquito Aedes aegypti survive desiccation by rewiring their polyamine and lipid metabolism. PLoS Biol [Internet]. 2023;21(10 OCTOBER):1\u201324. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002342","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002342"},{"key":"4825_CR33","unstructured":"Fao, Preparation of Rift Valley Fever Contingency Plans. 2002;1\u201367. Available from: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/005\/Y4140E\/Y4140E00.HTM"},{"issue":"7","key":"4825_CR34","first-page":"2063","volume":"7","author":"J Kagoro-Rugunda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kagoro-Rugunda J, Lejju GB, Andama JB, Matofari MW, Nalwanga JW. A pilot study on roles and operations of actors in the beef value chain in central and Western Uganda. Int J Dev Sustain [Internet]. 2018;7(7):2063\u201379. Available from: www.isdsnet.com\/ijds.","journal-title":"Int J Dev Sustain [Internet]"},{"key":"4825_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Talla C, Diallo D, Dia I, Ba Y, Ndione J andr\u00e9, Morse AP et al. Modelling hotspots of the two dominant Rift Valley fever vectors (Aedes vexans and Culex poicilipes) in Bark\u00e9dji, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. Parasit Vectors [Internet]. 2016;1\u201310. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1399-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1399-3"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04825-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04825-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04825-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T23:02:26Z","timestamp":1748214146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04825-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04825-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5128612\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University under REF: SVAR-IACUC\/174\/2024.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Permission to use the data was sought from the office of the Commissioner Animal Health (CAH), Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry, and Fisheries (MAAIF).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"375"}}