{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:34:55Z","timestamp":1785270895628,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009827","name":"Alexandria University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The current study was prepared to compare the efficacy of xylazine-lidocaine HCl and detomidine-lidocaine HCl following caudal epidural injection in horses, evaluating sedation, analgesia, physiological parameters, and hemato-biochemical values. This study was applied to six healthy adult horses (300\u2013350\u00a0kg, &gt;\u20094 years of age). The horses were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 (seven horses) received xylazine (0.17\u00a0mg\/kg bwt)\u2009+\u2009lidocaine HCl (0.06\u00a0mg\/kg bwt), while Group 2 received detomidine (0.03\u00a0mg\/kg bwt)\u2009+\u2009lidocaine HCl (0.06\u00a0mg\/kg bwt) via caudal epidural injection. Perineal analgesia and sedation (onset time and duration) were assessed before administration and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120\u00a0min post-administration. Concurrently, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and hemato-biochemical values were recorded. The sedative duration of detomidine was longer than that of xylazine (94\u2009\u00b1\u20090.96 vs. 85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.94\u00a0min). Both detomidine and xylazine induced complete bilateral perineal analgesia in all horses. Analgesia onset was slightly faster and duration longer in detomidine-treated horses compared to xylazine, and these values are for onset of analgesia (11.79\u2009\u00b1\u20091.15 vs. 14.46\u2009\u00b1\u20090.92\u00a0min). Significant heart rate depression was observed in Group 2, in which both white blood cell count (WBC) and packed cell volume (PCV) percentage showed significant decreases. <jats:bold>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>: The findings of this study suggest that epidural administration of detomidine-lidocaine HCl results in more effective and longer-lasting perineal analgesia compared to xylazine-lidocaine HCl.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04840-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T05:59:11Z","timestamp":1748411951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of caudal epidural injection of Xylazine-Lidocaine HCl and detomidine-lidocaine HCl in domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Adel","family":"Sobhy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed G.","family":"Nomir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M. 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USA: National Academies; 2011."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04840-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04840-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04840-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T05:59:16Z","timestamp":1748411956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04840-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04840-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was carried out with ethical permission from the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (ALEXU-IACUC) with (Approval code: AU013\/12-05-2025\/0348290\/2023\/13\/11). All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations from the Basel Declaration and the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS). This study was prepared in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals []. All animal experiments comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and were carried out in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986 and associated guidelines, EU Directive 2010\/63\/EU for animal experiments, or the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (NIH Publications No. 8023, revised 1978), and the authors clearly indicated in the manuscript that such guidelines have been followed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"385"}}