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The failure to control <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>evansi<\/jats:italic> infections is due to the unavailability of vaccines and the development of resistance to existing chemical drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of <jats:italic>Salvia officinalis<\/jats:italic> terpenoids-rich fraction on the degree of parasitemia and associated pathological alterations in rats experimentally infected with <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Eighty adult male rats were equally divided into 4 groups. The first group was a negative control. The second group was intraperitoneally infected with <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic> at a dose of 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> trypanosomes. The third group was similarly infected and subsequently treated intramuscularly with diminazene aceturate at a dose of 7\u00a0mg\/kg body weight (b.wt.). The fourth group received a daily oral administration of <jats:italic>Salvia officinalis<\/jats:italic> terpenoids-rich fraction at a dose of 300\u00a0mg\/kg b.wt. throughout the experimental period and was also infected with <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The infection with <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic> resulted in normocytic normochromic anemia, leukocytosis, hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, an increase in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and reductions in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterols. Additionally, the infection induced upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1\u03b2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and downregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2). Besides histopathological changes in the brain and spleen, <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic> markedly elevated brain oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The treatment with salvia fraction significantly decreased the degree of parasitemia and mitigated the <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic>\u2013induced pathological alterations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The terpenoids-rich fraction from <jats:italic>Salvia officinalis<\/jats:italic> exhibits antitrypanosomal activity and may serve as a promising candidate for developing novel trypanocidal agents.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04861-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T01:15:30Z","timestamp":1750986930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antitrypanosomal potential of Salvia officinalis terpenoids-rich fraction in Trypanosoma evansi-infected rat model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marian G.","family":"Sawerus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdy H.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa M. 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