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Twenty cows (9%) were deemed to have clinical mastitis (CM), because they had visible clinical signs or visible changes in milk samples. Of the 202 cows tested by the CMT, 156 (77.23%) had a score of 1 or above at least in one quarter and were deemed to have subclinical mastitis (SCM). <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>SCM was significantly more frequent in exotic breeds than in cross or indigenous breeds (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and cows with poor body condition compared to cows with good body condition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025). CM was significantly more frequent in cows with a history of clinical mastitis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004). SCM was significantly more frequent in farms that keep dung inside the compound (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004), do not milk cows with mastitis last (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), use earthen floor (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), do not routinely use mastitis test (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), have intensive system of production and in farms with frequent tick infestation of the udder (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>From 20 CM-positive and 153-SCM-positive composite milk samples tested, 29 isolates of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, 23 <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> and 20 <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> species, including 8 <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic> were isolated. Of the 13 isolates of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> tested, all were resistant to tetracycline, 11 to sulfonamides and 10 to penicillin. Two <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic> isolates tested were resistant to tetracycline and penicillin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04868-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T08:35:21Z","timestamp":1751445321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence, aetiology and host and management factors associated with bovine mastitis in dairy cows in Zoba Anseba, Eritrea: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Redie Kidane","family":"Ghebrehawariat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerai","family":"Woldehiwet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzeggai","family":"Tesfai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bereket Habte","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yirgalem Mehari","family":"Kibrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham Debru","family":"Habte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betiel Habte","family":"Hadgu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filmon Berhane","family":"Kahsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rim Berhane","family":"Fisehaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Haile","family":"Kahsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saron Yemane","family":"Yosief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"32","key":"4868_CR1","first-page":"418","volume":"2012","author":"R Hussain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hussain R, Javed MT, Khan A. 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The study protocols were reviewed, and ethics approval was given by the Ethical Review Committee of the MOA, NARI and HAC.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"An informed consent for the publication of the survey data was given by the farmers or managers of the dairy farms used in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"419"}}