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The CCK-8 method was used to detect the effects of LPS, LPS\u2009+\u2009Dexamethasone (DXM), LPS\u2009+\u2009E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and LPS\u2009+\u2009P\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      on the viability of fallopian tube epithelial cells. RT\u2012qPCR was used to measure the expression levels of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, and \u03b2-defensin-2 (mBD-2) in cells. ELISA was used to measure the levels of IL-1\u03b2 in cells. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of NF-\u03baB p65, I\u03baB\u03b1, p38, P-p38, Akt, and P-Akt in cells. Additionally, a salpingitis mouse model was constructed with LPS, and the model mice were treated with estrogen (E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), progesterone (P\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and DXM. The ovarian tissues were collected and subjected to HE staining. Moreover, IL-10 and mBD-2 expression in the tissue was detected by immunohistochemical staining.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estrogen and progesterone significantly inhibited the production of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, and mBD-2, thereby effectively suppressing the inflammatory response induced by LPS. In terms of signaling pathways, estrogen and progesterone significantly inhibited the protein expression of NF-\u03baB, MAPK, and PI3K\/Akt pathway members induced by LPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estrogen and progesterone can protect against LPS-induced mouse salpingitis by inhibiting the activation of the NF-\u03baB, MAPK, and PI3K\/Akt signaling pathways and suppressing the expression of the inflammatory factors IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, and mBD-2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Brief Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estrogen and progesterone can effectively reduce the inflammatory response of the fallopian tubes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Strengths and limitations of this study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The advantages of this study are as follows: high data reliability; a large number of experimental repetitions, resulting in stable outcomes; and a concise and efficient explanation of the issues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research objective is too broad.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04874-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T05:01:42Z","timestamp":1751432502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation and signaling pathways in fallopian tube epithelial cells by estrogen and progesterone"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bayaer","family":"Nashun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarina","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4079-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuya","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e377","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003271","volume":"133","author":"Infertility Workup for the Women\u2019s Health Specialist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Infertility Workup for the Women\u2019s Health Specialist. 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