{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:55:25Z","timestamp":1780592125086,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science","award":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This is the first case of triple co-infection with vector-borne diseases confirmed by blood smear results and molecular confirmation of the anaplasmosis and dirofilariosis in a dog from North-Eastern Poland.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A 4-year-old, uncastrated male Central Asian Shepherd Dog with symptoms of apathy and lack of appetite was diagnosed with triple vector disease infection. Microscopic examination of a blood smear revealed the presence of <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> and microfilariae. PCR confirmed the presence of <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dirofilaria repens<\/jats:italic>. Clinical examination revealed elevated core body temperature and thrombocytopenia. Treatment for the identified pathogens was initiated. Complete improvement of clinical condition was observed on the second day of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The detection of three different pathogens in a blood smear is not often reported, but it can significantly speed up the diagnosis and initiation of targeted treatment. It should be confirmed using molecular methods, which are commonly used in companion animals, especially for diagnosing co-infections.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04889-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T02:44:52Z","timestamp":1751683492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case report of a triple vector-borne infection in a dog: co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp., and Dirofilaria repens in North-Eastern Poland"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ismena","family":"Ga\u0142\u0119cka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Platt-Samoraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06042-2","volume":"16","author":"A Bajer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bajer A, Alsarraf M, Topolnytska M, To\u0142kacz K, Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek D, Rodo A. Vector-borne parasites in dogs from Ukraine translocated to Poland following Russian invasion in 2022. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16(1):430.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"12","key":"4889_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121132","volume":"13","author":"I Ga\u0142\u0119cka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ga\u0142\u0119cka I, Ma Z, Xuan X, Ga\u0142\u0119cki R. Clinical cases of Tick-Borne diseases in dogs during the Autumn-Winter season in Poland. Pathogens. 2024;13(12):1132.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"4889_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12597","volume":"47","author":"K Pa\u017adzior-Czapula","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pa\u017adzior-Czapula K, Otrocka\u2010Domaga\u0142a I, Myrdek P, Mikiewicz M, Gesek M. Dirofilaria repens\u2014an etiological factor or an incidental finding in cytologic and histopathologic biopsies from dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47(2):307\u201311.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4889_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109882","volume":"315","author":"M Alsarraf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsarraf M, Baneth G, Bogucka-Kocka A, Ciuca L, Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek D, Fuehrer H-P, Kloch A, Ko\u0142odziej P, Levytska V, Mierzejewska EJ, Mihalca AD, Ionic\u0103 AM, Mushynskyi A, Nachum-Biala Y, Alsarraf M, Bajer A. Haplotypes of dirofilaria repens from Poland and selected countries of central, North-Eastern Europe and the middle east: an evaluation on the relation between the genetic diversity and the geographic distribution of the fast-spreading parasite. Vet Parasitol. 2023;315:109882.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4889_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050945","volume":"10","author":"A Bajer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bajer A, Beck A, Beck R, Behnke JM, Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek D, Eichenberger RM, Farkas R, Fuehrer H-P, Heddergott M, Jokelainen P, Leschnik M, Oborina V, Paulauskas A, Radzijevskaja J, Ranka R, Schnyder M, Springer A, Strube C, Tolkacz K, Walochnik J. Babesiosis in southeastern, central and Northeastern europe: an emerging and re-emerging tick-borne disease of humans and animals. Microorganisms. 2022;10(5):945.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"4889_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060730","volume":"12","author":"O Teodorowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teodorowski O, Kalinowski M, Winiarczyk D, Dokuzeyl\u00fcl B, Winiarczyk S, Adaszek \u0141. Babesia Gibsoni infection in dogs\u2014A European perspective. Animals. 2022;12(6):730.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"4889_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0649-0","volume":"8","author":"\u00c1 Sainz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sainz \u00c1, Roura X, Mir\u00f3 G, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Kohn B, Harrus S, Solano-Gallego L. Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4889_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3205-x","volume":"11","author":"G Capelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capelli G, Genchi C, Baneth G, Bourdeau P, Brianti E, Cardoso L, Danesi P, Fuehrer H-P, Giannelli A, Ionic\u0103 AM, Maia C, Modr\u00fd D, Montarsi F, Kr\u00fccken J, Papadopoulos E, Petri\u0107 D, Pfeffer M, Savi\u0107 S, Otranto D, Poppert S, Silaghi C. Recent advances on dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"4889_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03921-3","volume":"20","author":"M P\u0119kacz","year":"2024","unstructured":"P\u0119kacz M, Basa\u0142aj K, Miterp\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Rusiecki Z, Stopka D, Graczyk D, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. An unexpected case of a dog from Poland co-infected with dirofilaria repens and dirofilaria immitis. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20(1):66.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4889_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.022","volume":"203","author":"B V\u00edchov\u00e1","year":"2014","unstructured":"V\u00edchov\u00e1 B, Miterp\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Igl\u00f3dyov\u00e1 A. Molecular detection of co-infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and\/or Babesia canis canis in Dirofilaria-positive dogs from Slovakia. Vet Parasitol. 2014;203(1\u20132):167\u201372.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4889_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0180.x","volume":"22","author":"B Kohn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kohn B, Galke D, Beelitz P, Pfister K. Clinical features of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis in 18 naturally infected dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(6):1289\u201395.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4889_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040720","volume":"13","author":"I Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer I, Kohn B, Silaghi C, Fischer S, Marsboom C, Hendrickx G, M\u00fcller E. Molecular and serological detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs from Germany (2008\u20132020). Animals. 2023;13(4):720.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"5","key":"4889_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101786","volume":"12","author":"J Liberska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liberska J, Michalik J, Pers-Kamczyc E, Wierzbicka A, Lane RS, R\u0105czka G, Opali\u0144ska P, Skorupski M, Dabert M. Prevalence of Babesia canis DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in forest and urban ecosystems in west-central Poland. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2021;12(5):101786.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4889_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060455","volume":"9","author":"MM Michalski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michalski MM, Kubiak K, Szczotko M, Chaj\u0119cka M, Dmitryjuk M. Molecular detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu Lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks collected from dogs in urban areas of North-Eastern Poland. Pathogens. 2020;9(6):455.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"4889_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11050542","volume":"11","author":"K Kubiak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kubiak K, Dmitryjuk M, Dzieko\u0144ska-Rynko J, Siejwa P, Dzika E. The risk of exposure to ticks and tick-borne pathogens in a spa town in Northern Poland. Pathogens. 2022;11(5):542.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"4889_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51299-x","volume":"14","author":"K Kubiak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kubiak K, Szyma\u0144ska H, Dzieko\u0144ska-Rynko J, Tylkowska A, Dmitryjuk M, Dzika E. Tick-borne pathogens in questing adults Dermacentor reticulatus from the Eastern European population (north-eastern Poland). Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):698.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"4889_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16670562","volume":"19","author":"JM Gruntmeir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gruntmeir JM, Adolph CB, Thomas JE, Reichard MV, Blagburn BL, Little SE. Increased detection of dirofilaria immitis antigen in cats after heat pretreatment of samples. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(10):1013\u20136.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"4889_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109302","volume":"289","author":"C Sobotyk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sobotyk C, Savadelis MD, Verocai GG. Detection and cross-reaction of dirofilaria repens using a commercial heartworm antigen test kit. Vet Parasitol. 2021;289:109302.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4889_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsarraf M, Levytska V, Mierzejewska EJ, Poliukhovych V, Rodo A, Alsarraf M, Kavalevich D, Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek D, Behnke JM, Bajer A. Emerging risk of dirofilaria spp. Infection in Northeastern europe: high prevalence of dirofilaria repens in sled dog kennels from the Baltic countries. Sci Rep 11(1), 1068.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80208-1"},{"key":"4889_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0816-3","volume":"12","author":"A Bajer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bajer A, Rodo A, Mierzejewska EJ, To\u0142kacz K, Welc-Faleciak R. The prevalence of dirofilaria repens in cats, healthy dogs and dogs with concurrent babesiosis in an expansion zone in central Europe. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4889_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07823-5","volume":"122","author":"M Alsarraf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsarraf M, Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek D, Hildebrand J, Mierzejewska EJ, Kloch A, Kot K, et al. Occurrence of dirofilaria repens in wild carnivores in Poland. Parasitol Res. 2023;122(5):1229\u201337.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4889_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.02.008","volume":"23","author":"LA Ermakova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ermakova LA, Nagorny SA, Krivorotova EY, Pshenichnaya NY, Matina ON. Dirofilaria repens in the Russian federation: current epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment from a federal reference center perspective. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;23:47\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4889_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4519-7","volume":"114","author":"G Petry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petry G, Genchi M, Schmidt H, Schaper R, Lawrenz B, Genchi C. Evaluation of the adulticidal efficacy of Imidacloprid 10%\/moxidectin 2.5%(w\/v) spot-on (Advocate\u00ae, Advantage\u00ae Multi) against dirofilaria repens in experimentally infected dogs. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:131\u201344.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4889_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"2018","author":"CT Nelson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nelson CT, McCall J, Jones S, Moorhead A. Current canine guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. Am Hear Soc. 2018;2018:1\u201335.","journal-title":"Am Hear Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"4889_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01496-9","volume":"15","author":"A Muro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muro A, Genchi C, Cordero M, Simon F. Human dirofilariasis in the European union. Parasitol Today. 1999;15(9):386\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"4889_CR26","unstructured":"Grzeszczuk A, Stanczak J, Kubica-Biernat B, Racewicz M, Kruminis-Lozowska W, Prokopowicz D. Human anaplasmosis in north-eastern poland: Seroprevalence in humans and prevalence in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2004;11(1)."},{"key":"4889_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2148-y","volume":"10","author":"S Elhamiani Khatat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elhamiani Khatat S, Daminet S, Kachani M, Leutenegger CM, Duchateau L, El Amri H, et al. Anaplasma spp. In dogs and owners In north-western Morocco. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4889_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-298","volume":"7","author":"EB Breitschwerdt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Qurollo BA, Saito TB, Maggi RG, Blanton LS, et al. Intravascular persistence of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii DNA in the blood of a dog and two family members. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4889_CR29","first-page":"100923","volume":"45","author":"JC Braff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braff JC, Arguello-Marin A, Hanscom J, Saucier J, Beall MJ, Qurollo BA, et al. Evaluation of Anaplasma spp. Seroprevalence in dogs and association with incidence of human anaplasmosis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2023;45:100923.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04889-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04889-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04889-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T02:44:54Z","timestamp":1751683494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04889-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04889-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The dog\u2019s owners were informed about the results of the performed tests. All diagnostic procedures were consistent with routine veterinary care standards, and the owners were not required to given their written informed consent. All analyses involved blood samples that were collected during routine checkups or following a diagnosis in a veterinary clinic in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The owners\u2019 consent to publish the case report was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"441"}}