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First, the HD11cells were treated with 0, 3, 30 and 300 ng\/mL LPS in combination with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% v\/v Post. Nitric oxide (\n                      <jats:bold>NO<\/jats:bold>\n                      ) production was quantified at 20\u00a0h incubation and the early transcriptome reprogramming was analysed in a subset of treatments at 5\u00a0h incubation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Post increased NO production dose-dependently and an LPS-postbiotic interaction was present, with the cells eliciting a higher NO production in response to Post at 30 and 300 ng\/ml LPS compared to the zero and 3 ng\/ml LPS. To further understand this interaction, the early transcriptome reprogramming was investigated for treatments with 0, 3 and 300 ng\/mL LPS and 0 and 0.8% v\/v Post. A number of differentially expressed genes were identified and gene set enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways revealed that Post at 0 and 300 ng\/mL LPS influenced similar inflammation-related pathways, until Post at 3 ng\/mL LPS which had a minimal effect. Expression of transcription factors (\n                      <jats:bold>TFs<\/jats:bold>\n                      ) and immune-related genes revealed differential effects induced by Post depending on LPS concentration which would have likely influenced the inflammatory response. Specifically, the only TFs affected by Post at 300 ng\/ml LPS were\n                      <jats:italic>STAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>SMAD3<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IFR8<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which all showed increased expression. The TFs consistently affected by Post at the zero and 3 ng\/ml LPS increased and were\n                      <jats:italic>JUN<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ZFP36L2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>SMAD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E2F3<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results showed that Post had a pro-inflammatory effect, which was exacerbated in the presence of a 300 but not 3 ng\/ml LPS. Furthermore, the dose of LPS affected the sensitivity of the cells to Post. Dose-response studies should be performed when investigating the effects of dietary compounds on inflammation in chicken macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04902-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T03:31:12Z","timestamp":1753068672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lactobacilli-based postbiotic differentially affects chicken macrophage-like HD11 cells depending on stimulatory lipopolysaccharide dosage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Samuel C. 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