{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:41:51Z","timestamp":1792788111194,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82404325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82272369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control","award":["2023WZK1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WZK1002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04907-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T17:21:40Z","timestamp":1752772900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seasonal population dynamics and dietary switching of Vulpes spp. amplify Echinococcus spp. transmission in the Eastern Tibetan plateau: implications for wildlife-mediated zoonotic risks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuizhao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baixue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Kui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqiu","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4907_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.037","volume":"13","author":"P Moro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moro P, Schantz PM. Echinococcosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(2):125\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4907_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00075","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","volume":"32","author":"H Wen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, Li J, Vuitton DA, Zhang W, et al. Echinococcosis: advances in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2):e00075\u201318.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4907_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Liu J, Zuo Q, Mu Z, Weng X, Sun X, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus shiquicus in a small mammal community on the Eastern Tibetan plateau: host species composition, molecular prevalence, and epidemiological implications. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):302.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2873-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"4907_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106445","volume":"90","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Kui Y, Xue CZ, Wang Q, Zheng CJ, Zhao JS, et al. Past, present and future epidemiology of echinococcosis in China based on nationwide surveillance data 2004\u20132022. J Infect. 2025;90(3):106445.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"4907_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wang X, Liu X. Echinococcosis in china, a review of the epidemiology of Echinococcus spp. EcoHealth. 2008;5(2):115\u201326.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-008-0174-0"},{"key":"4907_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romig T, Deplazes P, Jenkins D, Giraudoux P, Massolo A, Craig PS, et al. Ecology and life cycle patterns of Echinococcus species. Adv Parasitol. 2017;95:213\u2013314.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.002"},{"key":"4907_CR7","first-page":"204993612311714","volume":"10","author":"A Govindasamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Govindasamy A, Bhattarai PR, John J. Liver cystic echinococcosis: a parasitic review. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2023;10:20499361231171478.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"4907_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raoul F, Hegglin D, Giraudoux P. Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission. Vet Parasitol. 2015;213(3\u20134):162\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.034"},{"key":"4907_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veit P, Bilger B, Schad V, Sch\u00e4fer J, Frank W, Lucius R. Influence of environmental factors on the infectivity of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs. Parasitology. 1995;110(Pt 1):79\u201386.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081075"},{"key":"4907_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2020.110175","volume":"491","author":"AMC Sauve","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sauve AMC, Taylor RA, Barraquand F. The effect of seasonal strength and abruptness on predator-prey dynamics. J Theor Biol. 2020;491:110175.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"4907_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105921","volume":"219","author":"MH Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu MH, Wang X, Han S, Guan YY, Bergquist R, Wu WP. Advances in research on echinococcoses epidemiology in China. Acta Trop. 2021;219:105921.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4907_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burlet P, Deplazes P, Hegglin D. Age, season and spatio-temporal factors affecting the prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia taeniaeformis in Arvicola terrestris. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-6"},{"key":"4907_CR13","unstructured":"Fay FH. Development of larval Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart in relation to maturation of the intermediate host. J Parasitol. 1970;56:97\u20138."},{"key":"4907_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fay FH, Stephenson RO. Annual, seasonal, and habitat-related variation in feeding habits of the Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus) on St Lawrence island, Bering sea. Can J Zool. 1989;67(8):1986\u201394.","DOI":"10.1139\/z89-283"},{"key":"4907_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofer S, Gloor S, M\u00fcller U, Mathis A, Hegglin D, Deplazes P. High prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and voles (Arvicola terrestris) in the City of z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. Parasitology. 2000;120(Pt 2):135\u201342.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005351"},{"key":"4907_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morishima Y, Tsukada H, Nonaka N, Oku Y, Kamiya M. Coproantigen survey for Echinococcus multilocularis prevalence of red foxes in hokkaido, Japan. Parasitol Int. 1999;48(2):121\u201334.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(99)00009-4"},{"key":"4907_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saitoh T, Takahashi K. The role of vole populations in prevalence of the parasite (Echinococcus multilocularis) in foxes. Popul Ecol. 1998;40:97\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02765225"},{"key":"4907_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2020.106444","volume":"243","author":"F Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen F, Zhang J, Liu J, Cao X, Hou J, Zhu L, et al. Climate change, vegetation history, and landscape responses on the Tibetan plateau during the holocene: A comprehensive review. Quat Sci Rev. 2020;243:106444.","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"4907_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng X, Mu Z, Wei X, Wang X, Zuo Q, Ma S, et al. Correction to: The effects of dog management on Echinococcus spp. Prevalence in villages on the Eastern Tibetan plateau, China. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14(1):124.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04637-1"},{"key":"4907_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.04.014","volume":"164","author":"PW Guiden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guiden PW, Orrock JL. Seasonal shifts in activity timing reduce heat loss of small mammals during winter. Anim Behav. 2020;164:181\u201392.","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"4907_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-020-04810-w","volume":"195","author":"HP Andreassen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andreassen HP, Sundell J, Ecke F, Halle S, Haapakoski M, Henttonen H, et al. Population cycles and outbreaks of small rodents: ten essential questions we still need to solve. Oecologia. 2021;195(3):601\u201322.","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"4907_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.109005","volume":"255","author":"C Marneweck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marneweck C, Butler AR, Gigliotti LC, Harris SN, Jensen AJ, Muthersbaugh M, et al. Shining the spotlight on small mammalian carnivores: global status and threats. Biol Conserv. 2021;255:109005.","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"4907_CR23","unstructured":"Borgwat M. Vulpes ferrilata. Animal Diversity Web. 2001. https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Vulpes_ferrilata\/. Accessed February 18, 2025."},{"key":"4907_CR24","unstructured":"Wang X, Zuo QQ, Yu Q, Song CX, Wang ZH, Xiao N, et al. Investigation on population dynamics and Echinococcus infections in small rodents around human settlement in Yushu city, Qinghai Province. Chin J Schistosomiasis Control. 2021;33(4):346\u201352. (in Chinese)."},{"key":"4907_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang D, Sai Q, Wang Z, Zhao H, Lian X. Spatiotemporal overlap among sympatric pallas\u2019s Cat (Otocolobus manul), Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and red Fox (V. vulpes) in the source region of the Yangtze river. Biodivers Sci. 2022;30:21365. (in Chinese).","DOI":"10.17520\/biods.2021365"},{"key":"4907_CR26","unstructured":"Zheng J, Zuo Q, Wang G, Wei X, Weng X, Wang Z. Dietary composition and seasonal changes of the Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata). Acta Theriol Sin. 2023;43(4):398\u2013411. (in Chinese)."},{"issue":"916","key":"4907_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1086\/282454","volume":"100","author":"R MacArthur","year":"1966","unstructured":"MacArthur R, Pianka E. On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am Nat. 1966;100(916):603\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"4907_CR28","unstructured":"Weather conditions and nonhuman animals. https:\/\/www.animal-ethics.org\/weather-conditions-nonhuman-animals\/. Accessed 14 May 2025."},{"key":"4907_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barosi R, Umhang G. Presence of Echinococcus eggs in the environment and food: a review of current data and future prospects. Parasitology. 2024;1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182024000945","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182024000945"},{"issue":"1490","key":"4907_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2142","volume":"363","author":"LB Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin LB, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Seasonal changes in vertebrate immune activity: mediation by physiological trade-offs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008;363(1490):321\u201339.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"4907_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qingqiu Z, Xiaohui S, Xu W, Xiaodong W, Xiaoming W, Youzhong D, et al. Taeniid cestodes in Tibetan foxes (Vulpes ferrilata) detected by copro-PCR: Applications and challenges. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2020;12:242\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.06.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"4907_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.024","volume":"3","author":"T Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian T, Han S, Xue C, Wang X, Yang S, Zhong B, et al. A platform to improve echinococcosis control in Tibetan Populations - Sichuan province, china, 2015\u20132020. China CDC Wkly. 2021;3(5):94\u20137.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"10","key":"4907_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwac150","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac150","volume":"9","author":"W Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao W, Beginning. China\u2019s National park system. Natl Sci Rev. 2022;9(10):nwac150.","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"4907_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2019.03.001","volume":"104","author":"PS Craig","year":"2019","unstructured":"Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Wang ZH, Wang Q. Echinococcosis transmission on the Tibetan plateau. Adv Parasitol. 2019;104:165\u2013246.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"4907_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamon J, Samorek-Pier\u00f3g M, Bilska-Zaj\u0105c E, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Sroka J, Zdybel J, et al. The grey Wolf (Canis lupus) as a host of Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus s.l. And other helminths - a new zoonotic threat in Poland. J Vet Res. 2024;68(4):539\u201349.","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2024-0060"},{"key":"4907_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avcioglu H, Guven E, Balkaya I, Kirman R. Echinococcus multilocularis in a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Turkey. Parasitology. 2018;145(9):1147\u201350.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000082"},{"key":"4907_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105058","volume":"132","author":"S Harrison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harrison S, Kivuti-Bitok L, Macmillan A, Priest P. EcoHealth and one health: A theory-focused review in response to calls for convergence. Environ Int. 2019;132:105058.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4907_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong MY, Shao XN, Long Y, Bu HL, Zhang D, Wang DJ, et al. Molecular analysis of vertebrates and plants in scats of Leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Southwest China. J Mammal. 2016;97:1054\u201364.","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw061"},{"issue":"2","key":"4907_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00334-0","volume":"111","author":"M Nakao","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakao M, Sako Y, Yokoyama N, Fukunaga M, Ito A. Mitochondrial genetic code in cestodes. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000;111(2):415\u201324.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"4907_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang W, Liu N, Zhang G, Renqing P, Xie F, Li T, et al. Specific detection of Echinococcus spp. From the Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and the red Fox (V. vulpes) using copro-DNA PCR analysis. Parasitol Res. 2012;111(4):1531\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2993-8"},{"issue":"11","key":"4907_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294236","volume":"18","author":"D Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang D, Chen M, Huang X, Zhang G, Zeng L, Zhang G, et al. SRplot: A free online platform for data visualization and graphing. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(11):e0294236.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04907-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04907-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04907-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T13:11:35Z","timestamp":1757250695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04907-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04907-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the Regulation on the Administration of Laboratory Animals (2013Revision). The research protocol has been approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare & Ethics Committee of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) (approval number: IPD-2021-15).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"475"}}