{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:53:11Z","timestamp":1791615191388,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Tick-borne pathogens are increasingly impacting wildlife and human populations\u2019 health due to expanded vector ranges and the growing popularity of outdoor activities. This study aimed to survey the prevalence of tick-borne zoonotic (TBZ) microorganisms in a rural area, targeting different host groups involved in their circulation, namely wildlife, domestic animals, humans and questing ticks, addressing the risk associated to hunting and outdoor leisure activities in an alpine environment. The study was performed in an alpine district in Northwestern Italy. We collected 124 pools of questing ticks using dragging transects across 38 locations distributed in the district. In addition, we obtained 133 spleen samples from game ungulate species (wild boar, red deer, and chamois), 67 blood samples from volunteer rural inhabitants, and samples from 38 privately-owned hunting dogs. All samples were tested by PCR for <jats:italic>Babesia divergens\/B. capreoli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. microti-<\/jats:italic>like, <jats:italic>B. venatorum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu latu, <jats:italic>Rickettsiae Spotted Fever Group<\/jats:italic> (SFG) and <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>. All investigated pathogens, except <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l. (found only in questing ticks), were detected in rural inhabitants. <jats:italic>Babesia divergens\/B. capreoli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. venatorum<\/jats:italic> were highly prevalent in wild ruminants, while <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>-like organisms appeared sporadically in wild boar and dogs. SFG <jats:italic>Rickettsiae<\/jats:italic> were most common in dogs, with occasional cases in wild boar. <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> showed low prevalence in ticks and wildlife, but higher detection rates in humans and dogs. Our results underscore the interconnected nature of tick-host dynamics in the spread of TBZ and highlight the need for an expanded surveillance approach, potentially including other significant reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04983-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T12:23:34Z","timestamp":1759407814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A one-health approach to surveillance of tick-borne pathogens across different host groups"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Rachele","family":"Vada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Zanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Trisciuoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Reza","family":"Varzandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Calcagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezio","family":"Ferroglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4983_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salman MD. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: geographical distribution and control strategies in the Euro-Asia region. CABI; 2012.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845938536.0000"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05959-y","volume":"16","author":"M Noll","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noll M, Wall R, Makepeace BL, Newbury H, Adaszek L, B\u00f8dker R, et al. Predicting the distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus in europe: a comparison of climate niche modelling approaches. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16(1): 384.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4983_CR3","unstructured":"ECDC EC for DPC, EFSA EFSA. Tick maps. ECDC. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/disease-vectors\/surveillance-and-disease-data\/tick-maps."},{"key":"4983_CR4","unstructured":"ECDC EC for DP and C. Ixodes ricinus - Factsheet for experts. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/disease-vectors\/facts\/tick-factsheets\/ixodes-ricinus."},{"key":"4983_CR5","volume":"18","author":"E Battisti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Battisti E, Zanet S, Boraso F, Minniti D, Giacometti M, Duscher GG, et al. Survey on tick-borne pathogens in ticks removed from humans in Northwestern Italy. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2019;18: 100352.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"4983_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04603-x","volume":"14","author":"T Audino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Audino T, Pautasso A, Bellavia V, Carta V, Ferrari A, Verna F, et al. Ticks infesting humans and associated pathogens: a cross-sectional study in a 3-year period (2017\u20132019) in Northwest Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"4983_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04836-5","volume":"43","author":"E Pustijanac","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pustijanac E, Bur\u0161i\u0107 M, Millotti G, Paliaga P, Ive\u0161a N, Cvek M. Tick-borne bacterial diseases in europe: threats to public health. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;43(7):1261\u201395.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2263-4","volume":"16","author":"S Zanet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zanet S, Battisti E, Pepe P, Ciuca L, Colombo L, Trisciuoglio A, et al. Tick-borne pathogens in Ixodidae ticks collected from privately-owned dogs in Italy: a country-wide molecular survey. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"4983_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer A, Glass A, Topp A-K, Strube C. Zoonotic Tick-Borne pathogens in temperate and cold regions of Europe-A review on the prevalence in domestic animals. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:604910.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.604910"},{"issue":"6","key":"4983_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.06.013","volume":"9","author":"T Geurden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geurden T, Becskei C, Six RH, Maeder S, Latrofa MS, Otranto D, et al. Detection of tick-borne pathogens in ticks from dogs and cats in different European countries. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018;9(6):1431\u20136.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1596-0","volume":"9","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solano-Gallego L, Sainz \u00c1, Roura X, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Mir\u00f3 G. A review of canine babesiosis: the European perspective. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1): 336.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4983_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0825-2","volume":"8","author":"G Mir\u00f3","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mir\u00f3 G, Checa R, Paparini A, Ortega N, Gonz\u00e1lez-Fraga JL, Gofton A, et al. Theileria annae (syn. Babesia microti-like) infection in dogs in NW Spain detected using direct and indirect diagnostic techniques: clinical report of 75 cases. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8: 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4983_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019","volume":"1","author":"A Gray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gray A, Capewell P, Zadoks R, Taggart MA, French AS, Katzer F, et al. Wild deer in the United Kingdom are a potential reservoir for the livestock parasite Babesia divergens. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases. 2021;1: 100019.","journal-title":"Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"4983_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104060","volume":"77","author":"K Hrazdilov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hrazdilov\u00e1 K, Ryb\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1 M, \u0160irok\u00fd P, Vot\u00fdpka J, Zintl A, Burgess H, et al. Diversity of Babesia spp. in cervid ungulates based on the 18S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I phylogenies. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;77: 104060.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"4983_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Fuente J, Gortazar C. Wild boars as hosts of human-pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants. 2012;18(12):2094\u20136.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120778"},{"issue":"2","key":"4983_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020310","volume":"11","author":"L Grassi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grassi L, Franzo G, Martini M, Mondin A, Cassini R, Drigo M, et al. Ecotyping of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from wild ungulates and ticks shows circulation of zoonotic strains in Northeastern Italy. Animals. 2021;11(2):310.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"4983_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferroglio E, Vada R, Occhibove F, Fracchia M, De Cicco F, Palencia P, et al. An integrated approach to an emerging problem: implementing a whole year of camera trap survey in evaluating the impact of wildlife on tick abundance. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2024;2024:4064855.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4064855"},{"issue":"18","key":"4983_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182749","volume":"14","author":"R Vada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vada R, Zanet S, Occhibove F, Fantini E, Palencia P, Ferroglio E. Relating wildlife camera trap data to tick abundance: testing the relationship in different habitats. Animals. 2024;14(18):2749.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"4983_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00083","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00083-18","volume":"33","author":"S Madison-Antenucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madison-Antenucci S, Kramer LD, Gebhardt LL, Kauffman E. Emerging tick-borne diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(2):e00083\u201318.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-1","volume":"6","author":"JM Medlock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Bormane A, Derdakova M, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, George J-C, et al. Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4983_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-015-0003-4","volume":"68","author":"N Hartemink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartemink N, Takken W. Trends in tick population dynamics and pathogen transmission in emerging tick-borne pathogens in Europe: an introduction. Exp Appl Acarol. 2016;68:269\u201378.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4983_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001206","volume":"69","author":"I Rochlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rochlin I, Toledo A. Emerging tick-borne pathogens of public health importance: a mini-review. J Med Microbiol. 2020;69(6):781\u201391.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4983_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1694293","volume":"76","author":"O Van dekerckhove","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van dekerckhove O, De Buck E, Van Wijngaerden E. Lyme disease in Western Europe: an emerging problem? A systematic review. Acta Clin Belg. 2021;76(3):244\u201352.","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"4983_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajer A, Beck A, Beck R, Behnke JM, Dwuznik-Szarek D, Eichenberger RM, et al. Babesiosis in southeastern, central and Northeastern europe: an emerging and Re-Emerging Tick-Borne disease of humans and animals. Microorganisms. 2022;10(5):945.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050945"},{"key":"4983_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fernandez P, Bron G, Kache P, Tsao J, Bartholomay L, Hayden M, et al. Shifts in outdoor activity patterns in the time of COVID-19 and its implications for exposure to vector-borne diseases in the United States. Res sq. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-502309\/v2.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-502309\/v2"},{"key":"4983_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.126994","volume":"59","author":"M Van Gestel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Gestel M, Verheyen K, Matthysen E, Heylen D. Danger on the track? Tick densities near recreation infrastructures in forests. Urban For Urban Green. 2021;59: 126994.","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"issue":"5","key":"4983_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0285841","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285841","volume":"18","author":"T Janz\u00e9n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Janz\u00e9n T, Hammer M, Petersson M, Dinn\u00e9tz P. Factors responsible for Ixodes ricinus presence and abundance across a natural-urban gradient. PLoS One. 2023;18(5):e0285841.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"4983_CR28","first-page":"508","volume":"11","author":"R Vada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vada R, Zanet S, Battisti E, Ferroglio E. Abundance trends of immature stages of ticks at different distances from hiking trails from a natural park in north-western Italy. Vet Sci. 2024;11(10):508.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"4983_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.13.20757","volume":"19","author":"JC Semenza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Semenza JC, Zeller H. Integrated surveillance for prevention and control of emerging vector-borne diseases in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(13): 20757.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"4983_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100083","volume":"7","author":"KM Clow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clow KM, Leighton PA, Pearl DL, Jardine CM. A framework for adaptive surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. One Health. 2019;7: 100083.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4983_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.022","volume":"5","author":"VV Hai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hai VV, Almeras L, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, Parola P, Pag\u00e8s F. Monitoring human tick-borne disease risk and tick bite exposure in europe: available tools and promising future methods. Ticks Tick-borne Dis. 2014;5(6):607\u201319.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis"},{"key":"4983_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Mihalca AD, Petney TN. Ticks of Europe and North africa: a guide to species identification. Springer; 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63760-0"},{"key":"4983_CR33","first-page":"37","volume":"35","author":"G Manilla","year":"1993","unstructured":"Manilla G, Iori A. Chiave illustrata Delle Zecche d\u2019italia. II: stadi Ninfali Delle specie Della Sottofamiglia ixodinate (Acari, ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Parassitologia. 1993;35:37.","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"4983_CR34","first-page":"83","volume":"34","author":"G Manilla","year":"1992","unstructured":"Manilla G, Iori A. Chiave illustrata Delle Zecche d\u2019italia. I: stadi larvali Delle specie Della Sottofamiglia Ixodinae (Acari, ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Parassitologia. 1992;34:83.","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"4983_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6503","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00823-06","volume":"72","author":"H Hilpertshauser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hilpertshauser H, Deplazes P, Schnyder M, Gern L, Mathis A. Babesia spp. identified by PCR in ticks collected from domestic and wild ruminants in Southern Switzerland. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(10):6503\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4983_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.2097-2103.1992","volume":"30","author":"DH Persing","year":"1992","unstructured":"Persing DH, Mathiesen D, Marshall WF, Telford SR, Spielman A, Thomford JW, et al. Detection of Babesia microti by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30(8):2097\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4983_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelet L, Delannoy S, Devillers E, Umhang G, Aspan A, Juremalm M, et al. High-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in Europe. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:103.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00103"},{"issue":"January","key":"4983_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00001","volume":"7","author":"E Battisti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Battisti E, Zanet S, Khalili S, Trisciuoglio A, Hertel B, Ferroglio E. Molecular survey on vector-borne pathogens in alpine wild carnivorans. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7(January):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4983_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601253340401","volume":"334","author":"JL Goodman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Goodman JL, Nelson C, Vitale B, Madigan JE, Dumler JS, Kurtti TJ, et al. Direct cultivation of the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(4):209\u201315.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4983_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050085","volume":"11","author":"A Alberti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alberti A, Addis MF, Sparagano O, Zobba R, Chessa B, Cubeddu T, et al. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Sardinia, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(8):1322.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"4983_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.12.3091-3095.1995","volume":"33","author":"SG Rijpkema","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rijpkema SG, Molkenboer MJ, Schouls LM, Jongejan F, Schellekens JF. Simultaneous detection and genotyping of three genomic groups of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Dutch ixodes ricinus ticks by characterization of the amplified intergenic spacer region between 5S and 23S rRNA genes. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(12):3091\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4983_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2058-2065.1996","volume":"34","author":"V Roux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roux V, Fournier P-E, Raoult D. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34(9):2058\u201365.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4983_CR43","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Found Stat Comput Vienna. 2023; Available from: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"4983_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091165","volume":"10","author":"A Hildebrandt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hildebrandt A, Zintl A, Montero E, Hunfeld K-P, Gray J. Human babesiosis in Europe. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1165.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR45","first-page":"41","volume":"50","author":"S Gabrielli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gabrielli S, Calderini P, Cassini R, Galuppi R, Tampieri MP, Pietrobelli M, et al. Human exposure to Piroplasms in central and Northern Italy. Vet Ital. 2014;50(1):41\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"4983_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.07.003","volume":"31","author":"R C\u00e9zanne","year":"2017","unstructured":"C\u00e9zanne R, Mrowietz N, Eigner B, Duscher GG, Glawischnig W, Fuehrer H-P. Molecular analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia divergens in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Western Austria. Mol Cell Probes. 2017;31:55\u20138.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"4983_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.05.005","volume":"9","author":"S Remesar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Remesar S, D\u00edaz P, Prieto A, Markina F, Cao JMD, L\u00f3pez-Lorenzo G, et al. Prevalence and distribution of Babesia and Theileria species in roe deer from Spain. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2019;9:195\u2013201.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-70","volume":"7","author":"S Zanet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zanet S, Trisciuoglio A, Bottero E, De Mera IGF, Gortazar C, Carpignano MG, et al. Piroplasmosis in wildlife: Babesia and theileria affecting free-ranging ungulates and carnivores in the Italian alps. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"4983_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113335","volume":"11","author":"A Cafiso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cafiso A, Bazzocchi C, Cavagna M, Di Lorenzo E, Serra V, Rossi R, et al. Molecular survey of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in roe deer from a wildlife rescue center in Italy. Animals. 2021;11(11):3335.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"4983_CR50","unstructured":"Pintur K, Dumi\u0107 T, Beck R. Genetic characterization of piroplasms infecting cervids in Croatia. In: 10th International Deer Biology Congress. 2022. p. 139\u201340."},{"key":"4983_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1503-8","volume":"9","author":"MO Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson MO, Bergvall UA, Chirico J, Christensson M, Lindgren P-E, Nordstr\u00f6m J, et al. Molecular detection of Babesia capreoli and Babesia venatorum in wild Swedish roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4983_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sgroi G, D\u2019Alessio N, Auriemma C, Salant H, Gallo A, Riccardi MG et al. First molecular detection of Babesia vulpes and Babesia Capreoli in wild boars from Southern Italy. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1163080.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1201476"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101558","volume":"12","author":"K Hrazdilov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hrazdilov\u00e1 K, Lesiczka PM, Bardo\u0148 J, Vyroubalov\u00e1 \u0160, \u0160imek B, Zurek L, et al. Wild boar as a potential reservoir of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2021;12(1): 101558.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4983_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3371-5","volume":"12","author":"R Checa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Checa R, Fidalgo LE, Montoya A, L\u00f3pez AM, Barrera JP, G\u00e1lvez R, et al. The role of healthy dog carriers of Babesia microti-like piroplasms. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4983_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0525-3","volume":"11","author":"M Ren\u00e9-Martellet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9-Martellet M, Moro CV, Ch\u00eane J, Bourdoiseau G, Chabanne L, Mavingui P. Update on epidemiology of canine babesiosis in southern France. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"4983_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1797","volume":"15","author":"S Gabrielli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gabrielli S, Ota\u0161evi\u0107 S, Ignjatovi\u0107 A, Savi\u0107 S, Fraulo M, Arsi\u0107-Arsenijevi\u0107 V, et al. Canine babesioses in noninvestigated areas of Serbia. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2015;15(9):535\u20138.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"4983_CR57","unstructured":"Ferroglio E, Zanet S, Reza Varzandi A, Trisciuoglio A, Occhibove F, Vada R et al. Ticks on dogs and cat: whats new? In: Proceedings of the XXXIII Congress of the Italian Society of Parasitology (SoIPa); Padova, Italy. 2024. p. 298."},{"issue":"11","key":"4983_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111743","volume":"13","author":"IA Matei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matei IA, Kalm\u00e1r Z, Balea A, Mihaiu M, S\u00e1ndor AD, Cocian A, et al. The role of wild boars in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens: the first evidence of rickettsia monacensis presence. Animals. 2023;13(11): 1743.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"4","key":"4983_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14268","volume":"69","author":"R Castillo\u2010Contreras","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castillo\u2010Contreras R, Magen L, Birtles R, Varela\u2010Castro L, Hall JL, Conejero C, et al. Ticks on wild boar in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) are infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(4):e82-95.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"4983_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.15.465","volume":"164","author":"W Zygner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zygner W, Gorski P, Wedrychowicz H. Detection of the DNA of borrelia afzelii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia canis in blood samples from dogs in Warsaw. Vet Rec. 2009;164(15):465\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"4983_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036825","volume":"7","author":"MW Eshoo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eshoo MW, Crowder CC, Rebman AW, Rounds MA, Matthews HE, Picuri JM, et al. Direct molecular detection and genotyping of borrelia burgdorferi from whole blood of patients with early Lyme disease. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36825.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"4983_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.484-509.2005","volume":"18","author":"ME Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Wang G, Schwartz I, Wormser GP. Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(3):484\u2013509.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4983_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3583-8","volume":"12","author":"RI Jaarsma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaarsma RI, Sprong H, Takumi K, Kazimirova M, Silaghi C, Mysterud A, et al. Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4983_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3852-6","volume":"12","author":"IA Matei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matei IA, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Cutler SJ, Vayssier-Taussat M, Varela-Castro L, Potkonjak A, et al. A review on the eco-epidemiology and clinical management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and its agent in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"4983_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.059808-0","volume":"158","author":"D Rejmanek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rejmanek D, Foley P, Barbet A, Foley J. Antigen variability in Anaplasma phagocytophilum during chronic infection of a reservoir host. Microbiology. 2012;158(10):2632\u201341.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4983_CR66","first-page":"810587","volume":"2014","author":"F Dondi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dondi F, Russo S, Agnoli C, Mengoli N, Balboni A, Alberti A, et al. Clinicopathological and molecular findings in a case of canine Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Northern Italy. Sci World J. 2014;2014(1):810587.","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"4983_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127297","volume":"64","author":"A Bellato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellato A, Pintore MD, Catelan D, Pautasso A, Torina A, Rizzo F, et al. Risk of tick-borne zoonoses in urban green areas: a case study from Turin, Northwestern Italy. Urban Forestry Urban Greening. 2021;64: 127297.","journal-title":"Urban Forestry Urban Greening"},{"key":"4983_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1536260","volume":"12","author":"R Vada","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vada R, Zanet S, Occhibove F, Trisciuoglio A, Varzandi AR, Ferroglio E. Assessing zoonotic risk in a fenced natural park in Northwestern Italy: integrating camera traps for a vector-host approach to investigate tick-borne pathogens. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12: 1536260.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04983-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04983-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04983-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T13:14:17Z","timestamp":1759410857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04983-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04983-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The project received approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Turin (Prot. n. 0346675, 26\/06\/2023 and Prot.0001785, 01\/06\/2023), and all participants and dog owners signed a written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"553"}}