{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T13:45:31Z","timestamp":1759412731949,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Oxycodone, a semi-synthetic opioid, has been widely used in human medicine for the management of tumor-related pain due to its potent analgesic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oxycodone in managing tumor-related pain in dogs, addressing the current lack of research on effective analgesic options for canine cancer dogs. Medical records of 103 tumor-bearing dogs treated with oxycodone were retrospectively reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Oxycodone demonstrated an analgesic effect ranging from 23.1 to 63.6%, depending on the anatomical origin of the tumor. Improvement was observed in 67.7% of dogs with metastatic lesions. In the monotherapy group, the mean pain relief score increased from 8.73\u2009\u00b1\u20091.27 before treatment to 9.65\u2009\u00b1\u20091.53 after administration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). In the combination therapy group, score rose from 8.75\u2009\u00b1\u20091.20 to 9.83\u2009\u00b1\u20091.87 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0002). Across the entire canine patient cohort, the mean pain relief score increased from 8.74\u2009\u00b1\u20091.23 to 9.74\u2009\u00b1\u20091.70 following treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Adverse effects included lethargy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096), diarrhea (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), vomiting (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), tachypnea (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), and stargazing (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091). All were self-limiting and resolved after discontinuation of the drug.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Oxycodone demonstrated an overall favorable analgesic profile and could be a well-tolerated and promising pain management solution, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy, for tumor-related pain in dogs, including those with advanced-stage tumors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04987-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T12:23:34Z","timestamp":1759407814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the effectiveness and adverse events of oxycodone as a pain-relieving agent in 103 dogs with tumors: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Byung-Gee","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Namkung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Gyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ga-Hee","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Won","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwa-Young","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Ok","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4987_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00014","volume":"4","author":"B Cozzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cozzi B, Ballarin C, Mantovani R, Rota A. Aging and veterinary care of cats, dogs, and horses through the records of three university veterinary hospitals. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:14.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4987_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0295840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295840","volume":"19","author":"Y Nam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nam Y, White M, Karlsson EK, Creevy KE, Promislow DEL, McClelland RL, et al. Dog size and patterns of disease history across the canine age spectrum: results from the dog aging project. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(1):e0295840.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4987_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.07.010","volume":"239","author":"Z Belshaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belshaw Z, Yeates J. Assessment of quality of life and chronic pain in dogs. Vet J. 2018;239:59\u201364.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4987_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.01.002","volume":"44","author":"D Frank","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frank D. Recognizing behavioral signs of pain and disease: a guide for practitioners. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2014;44(3):507\u201324.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"4987_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12200","volume":"55","author":"K Mathews","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathews K, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, Nolan A, Robertson S, Steagall PV, et al. Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain: WSAVA global pain Council members and co-authors of this document. J Small Anim Pract. 2014;55(6):E10\u201368.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"4987_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13566","volume":"64","author":"BP Monteiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monteiro BP, Lascelles BDX, Murrell J, Robertson S, Steagall PVM, Wright B. 2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64(4):177\u2013254.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"4987_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.6.631","volume":"68","author":"DC Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown DC, Boston RC, Coyne JC, Farrar JT. Development and psychometric testing of an instrument designed to measure chronic pain in dogs with osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res. 2007;68(6):631\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"4987_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugliese M, Falcone A, Alibrandi A, Zirilli A, Passantino A. Risk factors regarding dog euthanasia and causes of death at a veterinary teaching hospital in italy: preliminary results. Vet Sci. 2022;9(10):554.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9100554"},{"issue":"3","key":"4987_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6239","volume":"51","author":"AL Lomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lomas AL, Grauer GF. The renal effects of NSAIDs in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2015;51(3):197\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16057","volume":"35","author":"K Mabry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mabry K, Hill T, Tolbert MK. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal lesions in dogs chronically treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(2):853\u20139.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00114.x","volume":"27","author":"CM Egger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Egger CM, Duke T, Archer J, Cribb PH. Comparison of plasma Fentanyl concentrations by using three transdermal Fentanyl patch sizes in dogs. Vet Surg. 1998;27(2):159\u201366.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4987_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1081\/JLC-120029702","volume":"27","author":"Y Gemba","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gemba Y, Hashimoto H, Konishi M. Simultaneous determination of oxycodone and Noroxycodone in dog plasma and urine by HPLC, with post-column chemiluminescence detection using electrogenerated (2,2\u2032-bipyridyl) ruthenium(III). J Liq Chromatogr R T. 2004;27(5):843\u201362.","journal-title":"J Liq Chromatogr R T"},{"issue":"5","key":"4987_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.01.009","volume":"79","author":"B Lalovic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lalovic B, Kharasch E, Hoffer C, Risler L, Liu-Chen LY, Shen DD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxycodone in healthy human subjects: role of Circulating active metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79(5):461\u201379.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"4987_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2005.00681.x","volume":"28","author":"B Kukanich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kukanich B, Lascelles BD, Aman AM, Mealey KL, Papich MG. The effects of inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A, p-glycoprotein, and gastric acid secretion on the oral bioavailability of methadone in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2005;28(5):461\u20136.","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"4987_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.85","volume":"47","author":"E Kalso","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kalso E, Vainio A. Morphine and oxycodone hydrochloride in the management of cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;47(5):639\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4987_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1185\/030079908X253708","volume":"24","author":"J Riley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Riley J, Eisenberg E, Mueller-Schwefe G, Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsene L. Oxycodone: a review of its use in the management of pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(1):175\u201392.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198507113130205","volume":"313","author":"KM Foley","year":"1985","unstructured":"Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. New Engl J Med. 1985;313(2):84\u201395.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4987_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600680441","volume":"68","author":"SH Weinstein","year":"1979","unstructured":"Weinstein SH, Gaylord JC. Determination of oxycodone in plasma and identification of a major metabolite. J Pharm Sci. 1979;68(4):527\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4987_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13499","volume":"48","author":"E Militana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Militana E, Schwark W, Flanagan A, Pan Z, Riley E, Sorge C, et al. Pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of a single oral dose of oxycodone in healthy dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2025;48(3):146\u201354.","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.09.008","volume":"196","author":"B KuKanich","year":"2013","unstructured":"KuKanich B, Spade J. Pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone and hydromorphone after oral hydrocodone in healthy Greyhound dogs. Vet J. 2013;196(2):266\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"4987_CR21","unstructured":"Inoue T. Pain Management in Animal Hospice. Presented at: International Association of Animal Hospice and Palliative Care; 2014; West Lafayette, IN, USA."},{"key":"4987_CR22","unstructured":"Pascoe PJ. Pain Management in the Canine Patient. Presented at: Canine Medicine Symposium; 2006; Canine Medicine Club, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA."},{"key":"4987_CR23","unstructured":"Mathews KA. Neuropathic Pain: How to Prevent and Treat. Presented at: International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium; 2010; Guelph, ON, Canada."},{"issue":"8","key":"4987_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1354","volume":"226","author":"KV Yazbek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yazbek KV, Fantoni DT. Validity of a health-related quality-of-life scale for dogs with signs of pain secondary to cancer. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226(8):1354\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"4987_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2010.00244.x","volume":"9","author":"S Lynch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lynch S, Savary-Bataille K, Leeuw B, Argyle DJ. Development of a questionnaire assessing health-related quality-of-life in dogs and cats with cancer. Vet Comp Oncol. 2011;9(3):172\u201382.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4987_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00513.x","volume":"10","author":"DC Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown DC, Boston R, Coyne JC, Farrar JT. A novel approach to the use of animals in studies of pain: validation of the canine brief pain inventory in canine bone cancer. Pain Med. 2009;10(1):133\u201342.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4987_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.12.1405","volume":"251","author":"MA Giuffrida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giuffrida MA, Farrar JT, Brown DC. Psychometric properties of the canine symptom assessment scale, a multidimensional owner-reported questionnaire instrument for assessment of physical symptoms in dogs with solid tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2017;251(12):1405\u201314.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"4987_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860003178X","volume":"16","author":"J Reid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reid J, Nolan AM, Hughes JML, Lascelles D, Pawson P, Scott EM. Development of the short-form Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score. Anim Welf. 2007;16:97\u2013104.","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/579425","volume":"7","author":"LM McCracken","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCracken LM, Iverson GL. Disrupted sleep patterns and daily functioning in patients with chronic pain. Pain Res Manag. 2002;7(2):75\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"10","key":"4987_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03681.x","volume":"39","author":"LL Holton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holton LL, Scott EM, Nolan AM, Reid J, Welsh E. Relationship between physiological factors and clinical pain in dogs scored using a numerical rating scale. J Small Anim Pract. 1998;39(10):469\u201374.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154","volume":"30","author":"CA Naranjo","year":"1981","unstructured":"Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, Sandor P, Ruiz I, Roberts EA, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30(2):239\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12677","volume":"19","author":"AK LeBlanc","year":"2021","unstructured":"LeBlanc AK, Atherton M, Bentley RT, Boudreau CE, Burton JH, Curran KM, et al. Veterinary cooperative oncology Group-Common terminology criteria for adverse events (VCOG-CTCAE v2) following investigational therapy in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Oncol. 2021;19(2):311\u201352.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4987_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04090.x","volume":"33","author":"R Poyhia","year":"1992","unstructured":"Poyhia R, Seppala T, Olkkola KT, Kalso E. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oxycodone after intramuscular and oral administration to healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;33(6):617\u201321.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"4987_CR34","first-page":"71","volume":"145","author":"R Worz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Worz R, Frank M, Achenbach U. [Controlled-release oxycodone\u2013a therapeutic option for severe neuropathic pain. Two multicenter observational studies]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2003;145(Suppl 3):71\u20136.","journal-title":"MMW Fortschr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4987_CR35","first-page":"277","volume":"48","author":"V de Beer Jde","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Beer Jde V, Winemaker MJ, Donnelly GA, Miceli PC, Reiz JL, Harsanyi Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of controlled-release oxycodone and standard therapies for postoperative pain after knee or hip replacement. Can J Surg. 2005;48(4):277\u201383.","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4987_CR36","first-page":"1286","volume":"88","author":"SS Reuben","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reuben SS, Connelly NR, Maciolek H. Postoperative analgesia with controlled-release oxycodone for outpatient anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(6):1286\u201391.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4987_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.6.853","volume":"160","author":"SH Roth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roth SH, Fleischmann RM, Burch FX, Dietz F, Bockow B, Rapoport RJ, et al. Around-the-clock, controlled-release oxycodone therapy for osteoarthritis-related pain: placebo-controlled trial and long-term evaluation. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(6):853\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4987_CR38","first-page":"185","volume":"14","author":"S Liguori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liguori S, Gottardi M, Micheletto G, Bruno L. Pharmacological approach to chronic visceral pain. Focus on oxycodone controlled release: an open multicentric study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010;14(3):185\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00093-6","volume":"73","author":"FB Ross","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ross FB, Smith MT. The intrinsic antinociceptive effects of oxycodone appear to be kappa-opioid receptor mediated. Pain. 1997;73(2):151\u20137.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4987_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.006","volume":"123","author":"C Staahl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Staahl C, Christrup LL, Andersen SD, Arendt-Nielsen L, Drewes AM. A comparative study of oxycodone and morphine in a multi-modal, tissue-differentiated experimental pain model. Pain. 2006;123(1\u20132):28\u201336.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"4987_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520601014414","volume":"42","author":"C Staahl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Staahl C, Dimcevski G, Andersen SD, Thorsgaard N, Christrup LL, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al. Differential effect of opioids in patients with chronic pancreatitis: an experimental pain study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(3):383\u201390.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4987_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00849.x","volume":"11","author":"D Giuggioli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giuggioli D, Manfredi A, Colaci M, Ferri C. Oxycodone in the Long-Term treatment of chronic pain related to scleroderma skin ulcers. Pain Med. 2010;11(10):1500\u20133.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"4987_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01369-x","volume":"80","author":"G Varrassi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varrassi G, Yeam CT, Rekatsina M, Pergolizzi JV, Zis P, Paladini A. The expanding role of the COX inhibitor\/opioid receptor agonist combination in the management of pain. Drugs. 2020;80(14):1443\u201353.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"4987_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11670-010-0080-1","volume":"22","author":"XM Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li XM, Liu DQ, Wu HY, Yang C, Yang L. Controlled-release oxycodone alone or combined with Gabapentin for management of malignant neuropathic pain. Chin J Cancer Res. 2010;22(1):80\u20136.","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4987_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.01.003","volume":"45","author":"R Bustamante","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bustamante R, Daza MA, Canfr\u00e1n S, Garc\u00eda P, Su\u00e1rez M, Trobo I, et al. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effects of cimicoxib, buprenorphine and their combination in healthy dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(4):545\u201356.","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4987_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00769.x","volume":"39","author":"SA Aghighi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aghighi SA, Tipold A, Piechotta M, Lewczuk P, K\u00e4stner SBR. Assessment of the effects of adjunctive Gabapentin on postoperative pain after intervertebral disc surgery in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012;39(6):636\u201346.","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4987_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MJT.0000249928.97210.29","volume":"15","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Morishita M, Ito E, Matsuura M, Tanaka R, Saito T. Analgesic efficacy of Controlled-release oxycodone in patients with uterine or ovarian cancer. Am J Ther. 2008;15(1):31\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"issue":"15","key":"4987_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.0367","volume":"26","author":"S Halabi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halabi S, Vogelzang NJ, Kornblith AB, Ou SS, Kantoff PW, Dawson NA, et al. Pain predicts overall survival in men with metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2544\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4987_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S240","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20543","volume":"63","author":"GA Hawker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain visual analog scale for pain (VAS pain), Numeric Rating scale for pain (NRS pain), McGill pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic pain Grade scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily pain scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis pain (ICOAP). Arthrit Care Res. 2011;63:S240\u201352.","journal-title":"Arthrit Care Res"},{"key":"4987_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751949","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.751949","volume":"8","author":"B Testa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Testa B, Reid J, Scott ME, Murison PJ, Bell AM. The short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale in Post-operative analgesia studies in dogs: A scoping review. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:751949.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4987_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7292","volume":"58","author":"ME Gruen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gruen ME, Lascelles BDX, Colleran E, Gottlieb A, Johnson J, Lotsikas P, et al. 2022 AAHA pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2022;58(2):55\u201376.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"4987_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0458","volume":"81","author":"M Ozawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozawa M, Inoue M, Uchida K, Chambers JK, Takeuch Y, Nakayama H. Physical signs of canine cognitive dysfunction. J Vet Med Sci. 2019;81(12):1829\u201334.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4987_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01263.x","volume":"34","author":"E Bellei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bellei E, Roncada P, Pisoni L, Joechler M, Zaghini A. The use of fentanyl-patch in dogs undergoing spinal surgery: plasma concentration and analgesic efficacy. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(5):437\u201341.","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"4987_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12096","volume":"37","author":"SA Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez SA, Wilson MG, Linton DD, Newbound GC, Freise KJ, Lin TL, et al. The safety and effectiveness of a long-acting transdermal Fentanyl solution compared with oxymorphone for the control of postoperative pain in dogs: a randomized, multicentered clinical study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2014;37(4):394\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4987_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00072-9","volume":"73","author":"T Heiskanen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heiskanen T, Kalso E. Controlled-release oxycodone and morphine in cancer related pain. Pain. 1997;73(1):37\u201345.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"4987_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1989.tb01168.x","volume":"65","author":"U Saarialho-Kere","year":"1989","unstructured":"Saarialho-Kere U, Mattila MJ, Seppala T. Psychomotor, respiratory and neuroendocrinological effects of a mu-opioid receptor agonist (oxycodone) in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1989;65(4):252\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04987-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04987-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04987-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T13:09:51Z","timestamp":1759410591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04987-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04987-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1746-6148"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Although this study was retrospective and not based on a prospective experimental design, all methods and analyses were conducted in line with the principles outlined in the ARRIVE guidelines where applicable. This study reviewed the medical records from privately-owned dogs, all receiving care as prescribed by licensed veterinarians. Informed consent for the use of all clinical data was obtained from the respective owners. In Korea, in accordance with the Enforcement Rules of the Bioethics and Safety Act, the research that does not collect or record personal identification and uses existing data or documents on research subjects, can be exempted from deliberation by the institutional review board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"555"}}