{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:41:01Z","timestamp":1789724461285,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Ticks pose a major threat to livestock and human health in sub-Saharan Africa, with climate change and pastoral movements fueling their spread. Few studies have integrated multiple sample types to characterize tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in cattle in Kenya. This knowledge gap hinders the development of effective surveillance and control strategies, leaving vulnerable populations and their livestock susceptible to these persistent threats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We screened 280 bovine blood samples, 589 tick pools, and 284 non-invasive skin swabs from cattle in northern (Marsabit) and southern (Kajiado) Kenya by high-resolution melting analysis and Sanger sequencing of PCR products.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic> spp. (47.1%), <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic> spp. (30.8%), and <jats:italic>Amblyomma<\/jats:italic> spp. (22.1%) were prevalent, with <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus evertsi<\/jats:italic> only found in Kajiado and <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus camicasi<\/jats:italic> in Marsabit. In blood, <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. (62.9%; <jats:italic>A. marginale<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. platys<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. ovis<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic> spp. (34.6%; <jats:italic>T. velifera<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. mutans<\/jats:italic>) were dominant. Tick pools harbored <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rickettsia africae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rickettsia aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Theileria velifera<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. ovis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Babesia occultans<\/jats:italic>, and for the first time two co-circulating <jats:italic>Ehrlichia ruminantium<\/jats:italic> strains (Welgevonden and Kumm2). Notably, <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. ovis<\/jats:italic> were detected only in Marsabit, and <jats:italic>T. mutans<\/jats:italic> only in Kajiado. Skin swabs from tick predilection sites (ears, anal region) yielded <jats:italic>R. africae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>R. aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>T. velifera<\/jats:italic> at low positivity, while nose swabs were negative.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Detection of zoonotic pathogens such as <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. africae<\/jats:italic> underscores critical public health risks, and co-infections in cattle reinforce the need for robust, integrated surveillance. Although skin swabs demonstrated limited diagnostic yield, they remain a promising non-invasive sampling approach. These findings highlight the value of targeted acarological research and coordinated control programs under a One Health framework.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05014-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T12:18:19Z","timestamp":1759407499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Molecular characterisation of tick-borne pathogens in cattle in kenya: insights from blood, ticks, and skin swab analyses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dennis","family":"Getange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Mukaratirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Bargul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rua","family":"Khogali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ng\u2019iela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kabii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Masiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jandouwe","family":"Villinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"5014_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics4020009","volume":"4","author":"R Andonova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andonova R, Bashchobanov D, Gadzhovska V, Popov G. 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Oral consent, as most farmers could neither read nor write \u2013 to permit written consent, was obtained from all participating livestock owners, who were fully briefed about the study\u2019s objectives, procedures, and its benefits and potential risks. All efforts were made to ensure the animals do not struggle and all other animal welfare concerns were strictly adhered to during sampling.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics\u00a0approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"552"}}