{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:38:11Z","timestamp":1759797491364,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFD1801000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1801000"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development International Cooperation Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2025C04009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C04009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32102671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05044-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T12:51:25Z","timestamp":1759755085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virulence characteristics and antibiotic resistance analysis of multi-drug resistant Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in healthy pigs from Zhejiang Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruidong","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mianmian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houhui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changyong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109117","volume":"258","author":"TJ Laird","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laird TJ, Abraham S, Jordan D, et al. Porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: antimicrobial resistance and development of microbial-based alternative control strategies. Vet Microbiol. 2021;258:109117.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"5044_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00217","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00217-20","volume":"86","author":"Q Duan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duan Q, Wu W, Pang S, et al. Coimmunization with two enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) fimbrial multiepitope fusion antigens induces the production of neutralizing antibodies against five ETEC fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F18, and F41). Appl Environ Microbiol. 2020;86(24):e00217-e220.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5044_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040682","volume":"12","author":"MM Barros","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barros MM, Castro J, Ara\u00fajo D, et al. Swine colibacillosis: global epidemiologic and antimicrobial scenario. Antibiotics. 2023;12(4):682.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"5044_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249888","volume":"16","author":"H Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang H, Guo J, Wei Z, et al. Aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children in Shanghai, 2015\u20132018. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0249888.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"5044_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112790","volume":"11","author":"K Mwape","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mwape K, Bosomprah S, Chibesa K, et al. Prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli among children aged between 0\u201336 months in peri-urban areas of Lusaka. Microorganisms. 2023;11(11):2790.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"17","key":"5044_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00966-21","volume":"87","author":"Y Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin Y, Zhou B, Zhu W. Pathogenic Escherichia coli-specific bacteriophages and polyvalent bacteriophages in piglet guts with increasing coliphage numbers after weaning. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87(17):e0096621.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5044_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073638","volume":"25","author":"L Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang L, Yang Y, Liu A, et al. Preparation of bispecific IgY-scFvs inhibition adherences of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88 and F18) to porcine IPEC-J2 cell. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(7):3638.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5044_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00303-2","volume":"4","author":"I Frost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frost I, Sati H, Garcia-Vello P, et al. The role of bacterial vaccines in the fight against antimicrobial resistance: an analysis of the preclinical and clinical development pipeline. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4(2):e113\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"5044_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244026","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1244026","volume":"14","author":"J Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu J, Li J, Huang X, et al. Genomic traits of multidrug resistant enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from diarrheic pigs. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1244026.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5044_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040385","volume":"11","author":"SB Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park SB, Park YK, Ha MW, et al. Antimicrobial resistance, pathogenic, and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli from diarrheal patients in South Korea. Pathogens. 2022;11(4):385.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"7","key":"5044_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2741","volume":"17","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman MM, Ahmed P, Kar A, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenic potential of Enterotoxigenic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with acute diarrheal patients in Tangail, Bangladesh. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2020;17(7):434\u20139.","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5044_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020068","volume":"14","author":"J Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen J, Zhi S, Guo D, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and whole genome sequencing analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from imported foods in China during 2015\u20132021. Toxins. 2022;14(2):68.","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"5044_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110634","volume":"415","author":"Q Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Q, Han YY, Zhang TJ, et al. Whole-genome sequencing of Escherichia coli from retail meat in China reveals the dissemination of clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes. Int J Food Microbiol. 2024;415:110634.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5044_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9345-4","volume":"41","author":"E Madoroba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Madoroba E, Van Driessche E, De Greve H, et al. Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli virulence genes from scouring piglets in Zimbabwe. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2009;41(7):1539\u201347.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"5044_CR15","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 33 rd ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne,PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2023."},{"key":"5044_CR16","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals. 6th ed. CLSI VET01S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ; 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"5044_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-016-1081-1","volume":"73","author":"Z Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu Z, Liang Y, Lin S, et al. Crystal violet and XTT assays on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm quantification. Curr Microbiol. 2016;73(4):474\u201382.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5044_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr198","volume":"66","author":"AP Desbois","year":"2011","unstructured":"Desbois AP, Coote PJ. Wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella): an in vivo model for assessing the efficacy of antistaphylococcal agents. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(8):1785\u201390.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"5044_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01568-y","volume":"56","author":"RC Paiva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paiva RC, Burrough ER, Macedo N, et al. Description of a contemporary pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from pigs with post-weaning diarrhea in the United States from 2010 to 2023. Vet Res. 2025;56(1):130.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5044_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14071188","volume":"14","author":"J Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu J, Liu Z, Wang S, et al. Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial resistance profile of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from pig farms in China. Foods. 2025;14(7):1188.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"5044_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8865503","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/8865503","volume":"2025","author":"GM Breyer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Breyer GM, Carli S, da Silva MERJ, et al. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a modulator of the entero-pulmonary axis in piglets: impacts on the microbiota and immune responses. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2025;2025:8865503.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5044_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tusiime M, Mwiine FrankN, Afayoa M, et al. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli virulence markers in neonatal and postweaning piglets from major pig-producing districts of Uganda. BMC Vet Res. 2024; 20(1): 230.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04092-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"5044_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010112","volume":"12","author":"P Bassi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bassi P, Bosco C, Bonilauri P, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors assessment in Escherichia coli isolated from swine in Italy from 2017 to 2021. Pathogens. 2023;12(1):112.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5044_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosager WN, Peter NJ, Erik Lind JS, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from rectal and floor samples in pens with diarrhoeic nursery pigs in Denmark. Prev Vet Med. 2017; 147: 42\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.08.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"5044_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2020.62.4.543","volume":"62","author":"KH Do","year":"2020","unstructured":"Do KH, Byun JW, Lee WK. Virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic weaned piglets in Korea. J Anim Sci Technol. 2020;62(4):543\u201352.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5044_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12060383","volume":"12","author":"AM Algammal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Algammal AM, El-Kholy A, Riad EM, et al. Genes encoding the virulence and the antimicrobial resistance in Enterotoxigenic and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli isolated from diarrheic calves. Toxins. 2020;12(6):383.","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"3","key":"5044_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.03.008","volume":"2","author":"M Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith M, Do TN, Gibson JS, Jordan D, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from Australian and Vietnamese pigs. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2014;2(3):162\u20137.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"5044_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu Y, Nawrocki EM, M\u2019ikanatha NM, et al. Host species shapes genotype, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence profiles of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from livestock in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2024; 90(8): e0074924.","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00749-24"},{"key":"5044_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2024.100069","volume":"3","author":"L Lei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei L, Xiong P, Yan Z, et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance tet(X4) gene in Enterobacterales isolated from wild animals in captivity. Science One Health. 2024;3:100069.","journal-title":"Science One Health"},{"key":"5044_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.003","volume":"249","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang L, Nakamura H, Kage-Nakadai E, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis profiles of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from different retail foods. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017;249:44\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05044-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05044-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05044-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T12:51:28Z","timestamp":1759755088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05044-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05044-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All sample collections in this study were conducted with the full knowledge and consent of the owners of pig farms. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province in accordance with the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"584"}}