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However, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying the development and progression of canine PC is still limited. Using high-throughput methods, many PC-related genes have been identified by comparing gene expression profiles in malignant and non-malignant prostate tissues. In these studies, the reference group containing both normal and hyperplastic prostate tissues specimens was compared to the group composed of cancerous tissues specimens. However, this approach does not allow the exclusion of inflammation-related genes from those directly involved in PC development and progression. Furthermore, the RNA-Seq and microarray data were not validated by additional analyses, including immunohistochemistry (IHC). Therefore, to identify PC-specific genes, a comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in PC and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) tissue samples was performed using RNA-Seq, and the results were validated by Nano String technology, Western blotting (WB) and IHC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using the NanoString assay, significant differences were identified for 12 genes, of which\n                      <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CLU<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TOP2A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TSPAN8\/TM4SF3<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>HELLS<\/jats:italic>\n                      were overexpressed in PC compared to BPH, while\n                      <jats:italic>ATP6V0A4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CACNA2D1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CLDN10<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GOLGA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>KLK2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NKX3.1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SERPINB6<\/jats:italic>\n                      were downregulated in PC. Validation of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the protein level using WB and IHC revealed a highly decreased expression of the voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2 delta-1 (\u03b12\u03b41), encoded by the\n                      <jats:italic>CACNA2D1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, in PC samples compared to BPH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings make \u03b12\u03b41 protein a novel and promising diagnostic biomarker to differentiate PC from BPH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05046-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:42:35Z","timestamp":1760013755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptional analysis reveals a markedly reduced expression of the voltage-dependent calcium channel \u03b12\u03b41 subunit in canine prostate cancer compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9947-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zacharski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-8372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ugorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3596-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Prz\u0105dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7203-2392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislaw","family":"Dzimira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5542-0799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"\u0160kevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0254-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Sidorkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2690-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Liszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7586-0879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Skrzypczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8815-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Van Nieuwerburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4522-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Kr\u0119towski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8086-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Tomaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"5046_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilu017","volume":"55","author":"BW Davis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davis BW, Ostrander EA. 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Vet J. 2014;200:318\u201324.","journal-title":"Vet J"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05046-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05046-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05046-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:42:38Z","timestamp":1760013758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05046-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05046-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6719203\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study followed the national guidelines of The Experiments on Animals Act published on January 15th, 2015 (Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, 2015, item. 266), and has been granted an exemption from requiring ethics approval by an institutional Animal Welfare Advisory Team (decision no. 11\/2025). The study involved client-owned animals. Written informed consent was obtained from all owners before participation. All owners agreed to an autopsy. All efforts were made to minimize animal discomfort and ensure well-being throughout the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"593"}}