{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:14:56Z","timestamp":1792516496088,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015815","name":"Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGIAR Initiative-Protecting human health through a One Health approach"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGIAR Initiative-Protecting human health through a One Health approach"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015815","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015815","name":"Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGIAR Initiative-Protecting human health through a One Health approach"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGIAR Initiative-Protecting human health through a One Health approach"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015815","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Livestock across the globe are frequently infected with multiple gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species, and the use of anthelmintics remains a cornerstone of their control. However, anthelmintic resistance (AHR) poses a growing threat to sustainable livestock production, resulting in reduced productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Reports of resistance in various helminth species against multiple anthelmintic classes exist in African livestock; however, studies summarising the extent and burden of this resistance are limited, and systematic monitoring or surveillance efforts are largely absent across the continent.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive scoping review to evaluate the current status of AHR in African livestock.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our systematic search yielded 357 original studies, 28 met the eligibility criteria, covering nine countries and spanning from 1996 to 2024. All studies involved cattle and\/or small ruminants, focusing primarily on two anthelmintic classes\u2014benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones\u2014and two gastrointestinal nematode genera: <jats:italic>Haemonchus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichostrongylus<\/jats:italic>. Resistance was reported across most of the studies, although reported prevalence rates were highly heterogeneous, varying considerably with anthelmintic class, livestock species, and geographic location. We observed variability in study methodologies, including differences in faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) design, sampling intervals, dosage regimens, and reporting quality, which potentially limits comparability across countries and restricts epidemiological insight.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings highlight the urgent need to more accurately quantify the burden of AHR and to establish coordinated surveillance systems across Africa. Equally important is the development of sustainable parasite control strategies and the promotion of responsible anthelmintic use to preserve the efficacy of existing drugs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05077-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:53:26Z","timestamp":1760702006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Anthelmintic resistance in livestock in Africa: review of the current status"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Gatitu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchelle R.","family":"Kasudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Githigia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshnee","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dishon M.","family":"Muloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"s1","key":"5077_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112001954","volume":"7","author":"M Herrero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herrero M, Grace D, Njuki J, Johnson N, Enahoro D, Silvestri S, et al. The roles of livestock in developing countries. Animal. 2013;7(s1):3\u201318.","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"5077_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1164-z","volume":"8","author":"F Mavrot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mavrot F, Hertzberg H, Torgerson P. Effect of gastro-intestinal nematode infection on sheep performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5077_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.10.017","volume":"109","author":"M van der Voort","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Voort M, Charlier J, Lauwers L, Vercruysse J, Van Huylenbroeck G, Van Meensel J. Conceptual framework for analysing farm-specific economic effects of helminth infections in ruminants and control strategies. Prev Vet Med. 2013;109(3\u20134):228\u201335.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5077_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.005","volume":"195","author":"J Fitzpatrick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick J. Global food security: the impact of veterinary parasites and parasitologists. Vet Parasitol. 2013;195(3\u20134):233\u201348.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5077_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2018.09.022","volume":"217","author":"BHB Baiak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baiak BHB, Lehnen CR, da Rocha RA. Anthelmintic resistance in cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Livest Sci. 2018;217:127\u201335.","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"5077_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020062","volume":"27","author":"H Rose Vineer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rose Vineer H, Morgan ER, Hertzberg H, Bartley DJ, Bosco A, Charlier J, et al. Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock: creation and meta-analysis of an open database. Parasite. 2020;27:69.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"5077_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105103","volume":"182","author":"J Charlier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charlier J, Rinaldi L, Musella V, Ploeger HW, Chartier C, Vineer HR, et al. Initial assessment of the economic burden of major parasitic helminth infections to the ruminant livestock industry in Europe. Prev Vet Med. 2020;182:105103.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"5077_CR8","first-page":"73","volume":"14","author":"CW Sauermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sauermann CW, Leathwick DM, Lieffering M, Nielsen MK. Climate change is likely to increase the development rate of anthelmintic resistance in equine cyathostomins in new Zealand. Int J Parasitology: Drugs Drug Resist. 2020;14:73\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitology: Drugs Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.07.003","volume":"117","author":"LC Falzon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Falzon LC, O\u2019Neill TJ, Menzies PI, Peregrine AS, Jones-Bitton A, vanLeeuwen J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep. Prev Vet Med. 2014;117(2):388\u2013402.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.001","volume":"36","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaplan RM. Biology. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2020;36(1):17\u201330.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"5077_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2022.109698","volume":"304","author":"T Geurden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geurden T, Smith ER, Vercruysse J, Yazwinski T, Settje T, Nielsen MK. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP) guideline for the evaluation of the efficacy of anthelmintics in food-producing and companion animals: general guidelines. Vet Parasitol. 2022;304:109698.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5077_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"5077_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000451683.66447.89","volume":"114","author":"Z Munn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E. JBI\u2019s systematic reviews: data extraction and synthesis. AJN Am J Nurs. 2014;114(7):54\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000451683.66447.89.","journal-title":"AJN Am J Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2556-4","volume":"110","author":"B Bentounsi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bentounsi B, Khaznadar A, Cabaret J. Resistance of trichostrongylus spp. (Nematoda) to benzimidazole in Algerian cattle herds grazed with sheep. Parasitol Res. 2012;110(2):1021\u20133.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR15","first-page":"215","volume":"69","author":"A Atanasio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Atanasio A, Boomker J, Sitoe C. A survey on the occurrence of resistance to anthelmintics of Gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Mozambique. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2002;69(3):215\u201320.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9237-z","volume":"41","author":"K Bersissa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bersissa K, Girma A. Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Hawassa (southern Ethiopia). Trop Anim Health Prod. 2009;41(4):655\u201362.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"5077_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00195-7","volume":"75","author":"RM Waruiru","year":"1998","unstructured":"Waruiru RM, Kogi JK, Weda EH, Ngotho JW. Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Kenya. Vet Parasitol. 1998;75(2\u20133):191\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5077_CR18","volume":"28","author":"T Getachew","year":"2016","unstructured":"Getachew T, Muktar Y, Mekonnen N, Tesma F. Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in different sheep breeds in Areka agricultural research Center, Areka, Ethiopia. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2016;28:117.","journal-title":"Livest Res Rural Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01089-8","volume":"68","author":"JH Boersema","year":"1997","unstructured":"Boersema JH, Pandey VS. Anthelmintic resistance of trichostrongylids in sheep in the highveld of Zimbabwe. Vet Parasitol. 1997;68(4):383\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3978-6","volume":"13","author":"KM Mohammedsalih","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammedsalih KM, Kr\u00fccken J, Khalafalla A, Bashar A, Juma F-R, Abakar A, et al. New codon 198 \u03b2-tubulin polymorphisms in highly benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus from goats in three different States in Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):114.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5077_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wondimu A, Bayu Y. Anthelmintic drug resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally infected goats in haramaya, Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res. 2022;(1):4025902.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4025902.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4025902"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.302-313","volume":"14","author":"M Mphahlele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mphahlele M, Tsotetsi-Khambule AM, Moerane R, Komape DM, Thekisoe OM. Anthelmintic resistance and prevalence of Gastrointestinal nematodes infecting sheep in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Vet World. 2021;14(2):302.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i1.243","volume":"79","author":"FR Bakunzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bakunzi FR. Efficacy of 3 anthelmintics in communally grazed sheep as reflected by faecal egg count reduction tests in a semi-arid area of South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2008;79(1):54\u20135.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR24","first-page":"75","volume":"14","author":"G Nsereko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nsereko G, Emudong P, Magona JW, Odoch T, Okwee-Acai J. Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in goats on natural pastures in Gomba District, Uganda. Uganda J Agricultural Sci. 2013;14(1):75\u201385.","journal-title":"Uganda J Agricultural Sci"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"5077_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.007","volume":"195","author":"C Byaruhanga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Byaruhanga C, Okwee-Acai J. Efficacy of albendazole, levamisole and Ivermectin against gastro-intestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats at the National semi-arid resources research institute, Serere, Uganda. Vet Parasitol. 2013;195(1\/2):183\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR26","first-page":"271","volume":"68","author":"S Gabrie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gabrie S, Phiri IK, Dorny P, Vercruysse J. A survey on anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in Lusaka, Zambia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2001;68(4):271\u20134.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR27","first-page":"31","volume":"13","author":"H Chaka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaka H, Gizaw D. Multiple anthelmintics resistant Haemonchus contortus in Dorper sheep imported from Republic of South Africa to Ethiopia. Ethiop Veterinary J. 2009;13(1):31\u20139.","journal-title":"Ethiop Veterinary J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v73i1.543","volume":"73","author":"FH Dreyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dreyer FH. A preliminary undifferentiated faecal egg count reduction test survey in the Caledon area. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2002;73(1):23\u20135.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04593-w","volume":"14","author":"KM Mohammedsalih","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammedsalih KM, Krucken J, Bashar A, Juma F-R, Abdalmalaik AAH, Khalafalla A, et al. Susceptible trichostrongyloid species mask presence of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in cattle. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14(1):101.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5077_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.07.019","volume":"205","author":"I Nabukenya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nabukenya I, Rubaire-Akiiki C, Olila D, Muhangi D, Hoglund J. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and evaluation of FAMACHA diagnostic marker in Uganda. Vet Parasitol. 2014;205(3\u20134):666\u201375.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v68i4.896","volume":"68","author":"S Mukaratirwa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mukaratirwa S, Charakupa R, Hove T. A survey of anthelmintic resistance on ten sheep farms in Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1997;68(4):140\u20133.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0285-z","volume":"45","author":"AM Tsotetsi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsotetsi AM, Njiro S, Katsande TC, Moyo G, Baloyi F, Mpofu J. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and anthelmintic resistance on small-scale farms in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013;45(3):751\u201361.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5077_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.013","volume":"144","author":"B Bentounsi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bentounsi B, Attir B, Meradi S, Cabaret J. Repeated treatment faecal egg counts to identify gastrointestinal nematode resistance in a context of low-level infection of sheep on farms in Eastern Algeria. Vet Parasitol. 2007;144(1\u20132):104\u201310.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5077_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1094672","volume":"10","author":"W Molla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molla W, Moliso MM, Gizaw S, Nane T, Arke A, Ayele F, et al. Ovine gastrointestinal parasite burden and the impact of strategic anthelmintic treatment in community-based breeding sites in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1094672.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v74i3.516","volume":"74","author":"FR Bakunzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bakunzi FR. Anthelmintic resistance of nematodes in communally grazed goats in a semi-arid area of South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2003;74(3):82\u20133.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"5077_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(95)00502-1","volume":"25","author":"SW Wanyangu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wanyangu SW, Bain RK, Rugutt MK, Nginyi JM, Mugambi JM. Anthelmintic resistance amongst sheep and goats in Kenya. Prev Vet Med. 1996;25(3\/4):285\u201390.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00109-5","volume":"69","author":"N Maingi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maingi N, Bj\u00f8rn H, Gichohi VM, Munyua WK, Gathuma JM. Resistance to benzimidazoles and levamisole in nematode parasites of sheep in Nyandarua district of Kenya. Acta Trop. 1998;69(1):31\u201340.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"18","key":"5077_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.18.634","volume":"158","author":"B Bentounsi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bentounsi B, Trad R, Gaous N, Kohil K, Cabaret J. Gastrointestinal nematode resistance to benzimidazoles on a sheep farm in Algeria. Vet Rec. 2006;158(18):634\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"11","key":"5077_CR39","first-page":"313","volume":"9","author":"A Atan\u00e1sio-Nhacumbe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Atan\u00e1sio-Nhacumbe A, Ayres MCC, Lambert SM, Souza BP. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Southern Mozambique. J Veterinary Med Anim Health. 2017;9(11):313\u20139.","journal-title":"J Veterinary Med Anim Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"5077_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1615-1626","volume":"16","author":"E Emsley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emsley E, Matshotshi A, Mathebula E, Mohlakoana S, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O, et al. Assessment of Gastrointestinal nematode anthelmintic resistance and acaricidal efficacy of fluazuron-flumethrin on sheep and goat ticks in the North West Province of South Africa. Vet World. 2023;16(8):1615\u201326.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"9","key":"5077_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-024-04232-3","volume":"56","author":"A Maurizio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maurizio A, Terfa W, Kumsa B, Ayana D, Bekele H, Zoroaster A, et al. Practices and efficacy of nematode control in sheep, goats and cattle in communal grazing settings of central Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2024;56(9):387.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"5077_CR42","unstructured":"Gabriel S, Phiri I, Dorny P, Vercruysse J. A survey on anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in Lusaka, Zambia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2001;68(4):271\u20134."},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180227","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.227","volume":"5","author":"M Gilbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert M, Nicolas G, Cinardi G, Van Boeckel TP, Vanwambeke SO, Wint GRW, et al. Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010. Sci Data. 2018;5(1):180227.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"5077_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109936","volume":"318","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaplan RM, Denwood MJ, Nielsen MK, Thamsborg SM, Torgerson PR, Gilleard JS, et al. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine. Vet Parasitol. 2023;318:109936.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5077_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106078","volume":"221","author":"M Sautier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sautier M, Chiron P. Challenges and opportunities for reducing anthelmintic use in ruminant livestock systems: insights from a sheep farmer survey in France. Prev Vet Med. 2023;221:106078.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"5077_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2018.08.016","volume":"63","author":"C Bellet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bellet C. Change it or perish? Drug resistance and the dynamics of livestock farm practices. J Rural Stud. 2018;63:57\u201364.","journal-title":"J Rural Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"5077_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfae033","volume":"14","author":"J Charlier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Charlier J, Rinaldi L, Morgan ER, Claerebout E, Bartley DJ, Sotiraki S, et al. Sustainable worm control in ruminants in Europe: current perspectives. Anim Front. 2024;14(5):13\u201323.","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"issue":"10","key":"5077_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.001","volume":"20","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaplan RM. Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report. Trends Parasitol. 2004;20(10):477\u201381.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"5077_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fissiha W, Kinde MZ. Anthelmintic resistance and its mechanism: a review. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:5403\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S332378.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332378"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5077_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-52-S1-S24","volume":"52","author":"CF Ihler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ihler CF. Anthelmintic resistance. An overview of the situation in the Nordic countries. Acta Vet Scand. 2010;52(Suppl 1):S24.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"5077_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.04.003","volume":"269","author":"MK Nielsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nielsen MK, Sauermann CW, Leathwick DM. The effect of climate, season, and treatment intensity on anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins: A modelling exercise. Vet Parasitol. 2019;269:7\u201312.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109990991","volume":"4","author":"J Van Dijk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Dijk J, Sargison N, Kenyon F, Skuce P. Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions. Animal. 2010;4(3):377\u201392.","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"11","key":"5077_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.08.002","volume":"39","author":"MK Nielsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nielsen MK, Kaplan RM, Abbas G, Jabbar A. Biological implications of long-term anthelmintic treatment: what else besides resistance are we selecting for? Trends Parasitol. 2023;39(11):945\u201353.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"5077_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00055","volume":"7","author":"BA Gemeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gemeda BA, Amenu K, Magnusson U, Dohoo I, Hallenberg GS, Alemayehu G, et al. Antimicrobial use in extensive smallholder livestock farming systems in Ethiopia: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of livestock keepers. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:55.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5077_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050706","volume":"15","author":"P Kimeli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kimeli P, Mwacalimba K, Tiernan R, Mijten E, Miroshnychenko T, Nautrup BP. Important diseases of small ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa: a review with a focus on current strategies for treatment and control in smallholder systems. Animals. 2025;15(5):706.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"10","key":"5077_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2442-2452","volume":"15","author":"TJ Mpofu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mpofu TJ, Nephawe KA, Mtileni B. Prevalence and resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in goats: a review. Vet World. 2022;15(10):2442.","journal-title":"Vet World"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05077-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05077-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05077-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T12:06:59Z","timestamp":1760702819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05077-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05077-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"615"}}