{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1762401027121,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008127","name":"Universiti Malaysia Sarawak","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008127","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effective surveillance is essential for detecting rabies virus (RABV) spillover into non-canid mammalian species, which represents an emerging concern for public and veterinary health. This report describes the first documented cases of dog associated rabies in goats in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, highlighting the critical implications for veterinary and public health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two goats were reported to exhibit clinical signs consistent with rabies, including recumbency, hypersalivation, stiffness, dehydration, and episodes of pedalling movements and opisthotonos. Both animals experienced rapid clinical deterioration, leading to their death. The epidemiological investigation found that they had been in contact with a domestic dog displaying neurological signs consistent with rabies and no evidence of rabies vaccination. However, laboratory confirmation of RABV was not possible due to the advanced decomposition of the dog carcass. The rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test (RIDT) and Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) analyses confirmed the presence of RABV antigen in the brain tissues of both goats. Phylogenetic analysis of RABV sequences obtained from the brain tissue by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) revealed that the isolates were closely related to previous dog-associated RABV isolates from Sarawak. These findings support the diagnosis and suggest a likely transmission link to the suspected rabid dog present on the farm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores the critical need for enhanced rabies control strategies, including widespread vaccination of dogs and rigorous surveillance. The genetic similarity between the RABV detected in goats and those previously detected in dogs and cats in Sarawak suggests a persistent rabies transmission cycle in the region. As such, ongoing surveillance and preventive efforts remain essential to prevent outbreaks and protect both animal and human health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05110-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T03:46:20Z","timestamp":1762400780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First detection of rabies virus in encephalitic goats (Capra hircus) from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: a case study report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kiing Aik","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina binti","family":"Rusli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George anak","family":"Bobby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael Woon Hock","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackie anak","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naziah binti","family":"Muntil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian Susin","family":"Ambud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9951","key":"5110_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62707-5","volume":"384","author":"AR Fooks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fooks AR, Banyard AC, Horton DL, Johnson N, McElhinney LM, Jackson AC. Current status of rabies and prospects for elimination. Lancet. 2014;384(9951):1389\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62707-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5110_CR2","unstructured":"Navanithakumar B, Sohayati AR, Rohaiza Y, Sarah Dadang A, Mariani H, Leonora TM, Dorothy KS. An overview of rabies outbreaks in Malaysia, ordinances and laws. Malays J Vet Res. 2019;10(2):148\u2009\u2013\u200958. Available from: https:\/\/research.dvs.gov.my\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/MJVR-V10N2-p148-158.pdf"},{"key":"5110_CR3","unstructured":"Department of Veterinary Services Sarawak. (2025). Rabies Surveillance Report, January\u2013May 2025. Retrieved from https:\/\/dvs.sarawak.gov.my (Accessed on 2025 July 1)."},{"key":"5110_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106016","volume":"219","author":"T Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu T, Cao JMD, Rahman AKMA, Islam SS, Sufian MA, Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez B. Risk mapping and risk factors analysis of rabies in livestock in Bangladesh using national-level passive surveillance data. Prev Vet Med. 2023;219:106016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106016.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"5110_CR5","unstructured":"Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (Diagnosis. - Rabies) [Internet]. WHO - World Health Organisation. [cited 2024 Feb 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases\/rabies\/diagnosis"},{"key":"5110_CR6","unstructured":"M\u00fcller T. 3.1.19. Rabies (infection with rabies virus and other lyssaviruses). In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals [Internet]. World Organisation for Animal Health; 2023 [cited 2025 Sept 9]. Available from: https:\/\/sont.woah.org\/portal\/tool?le=en"},{"key":"5110_CR7","unstructured":"Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Malaysia. (2011). Protokol Veterinar Malaysia: Penyakit rabies [Malaysian Veterinary Protocol: Rabies disease] (PVM 1(17):1\/2011). Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia. Available at: https:\/\/www.dvs.gov.my\/dvs\/resources\/auto%20download%20images\/560cae02bd732.pdf [in Malay]."},{"key":"5110_CR8","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia. Chapter 5: Prevention and control of human rabies. In: guidelines on rabies management in human and animals. 1st ed. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia. 2022. pp. 37\u201364. Available at: https:\/\/jknjohor.moh.gov.my\/jknj\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GUIDELINES-ON-RABIES-MANAGEMENT-IN-HUMAN-AND-ANIMALS.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"5110_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02405-4","volume":"16","author":"T Tenzin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tenzin T, Lhamo K, Rai PB, Tshering D, Jamtsho P, Namgyal J, et al. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test kit to the gold standard fluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of rabies in animals in Bhutan. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02405-4.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5110_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006041","volume":"12","author":"C Troupin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Troupin C, Dacheux L, Tanguy M, Sabeta C, Blanc H, Bouchier C, et al. Large-scale phylogenomic analysis reveals the complex evolutionary history of rabies virus in multiple carnivore hosts. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(12):e1006041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006041.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"5110_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-528-2_2","volume":"402","author":"W Rychlik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rychlik W. OLIGO 7 primer analysis software. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;402:35\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-59745-528-2_2.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5110_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111255","volume":"12","author":"CM Gigante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gigante CM, Yale G, Condori RE, Costa NC, Long NV, Minh PQ, et al. Portable rabies virus sequencing in canine rabies endemic countries using the Oxford nanopore minion. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12111255.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"5110_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab846","volume":"38","author":"JM Ferguson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferguson JM, Gamaarachchi H, Nguyen T, Gollon A, Tong S, Aquilina-Reid C, et al. InterARTIC: an interactive web application for whole-genome nanopore sequencing analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Bioinformatics. 2022;38(5):1443\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab846.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"5110_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.4.459","volume":"16","author":"IN Dibia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dibia IN, Sumiarto B, Susetya H, Putra AA, Scott-Orr H, Mahardika GN. Phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in Indonesia. J Vet Sci. 2015;16(4):459\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.4.459.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5110_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.38.2.043","volume":"38","author":"BL Leow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leow BL, Khoo CK, Syamsiah Aini S, Roslina H, Faizah Hanim MS. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus in Malaysia from 2015 to 2018. Trop Biomed. 2021;38(2):72\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47665\/tb.38.2.043.","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"6","key":"5110_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813002021","volume":"142","author":"GN Mahardika","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahardika GN, Dibia N, Budayanti NS, Susilawathi NM, Subrata K, Darwinata AE, et al. Phylogenetic analysis and victim contact tracing of rabies virus from humans and dogs in Bali, Indonesia. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142(6):1146\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268813002021.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"5110_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.03.001","volume":"135","author":"H Susetya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Susetya H, Sugiyama M, Inagaki A, Ito N, Mudiarto G, Minamoto N. Molecular epidemiology of rabies in Indonesia. Virus Res. 2008;135(1):144\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.03.001.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5110_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39847-x","volume":"14","author":"A Holtz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holtz A, Baele G, Bourhy H, Zhukova A. Integrating full and partial genome sequences to decipher the global spread of canine rabies virus. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):4247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-39847-x.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"5110_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","volume":"20","author":"K Katoh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada KD. Mafft online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Brief Bioinform. 2019;20(4):1160\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bbx108.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"12","key":"5110_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263","volume":"41","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Suleski M, Sanderford M, Sharma S, Tamura K. MEGA12: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis version 12 for adaptive and green computing. Mol Biol Evol. 2024;41(12):msae263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msae263.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5110_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040752","volume":"9","author":"K Tamura","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tamura K. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G\u2009+\u2009C-content biases. Mol Biol Evol. 1992;9(4):678\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040752.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"102","key":"5110_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.61507\/smj22-2019-AH67-08","volume":"81","author":"RA Dow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dow RA. An annotated checklist of the odonata (Insecta) known from Sarawak with records to district level. Sarawak Museum J. 2021;81(102):313\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61507\/smj22-2019-AH67-08.","journal-title":"Sarawak Museum J"},{"issue":"26","key":"5110_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126371","volume":"42","author":"YA Wada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wada YA, Mazlan M, Noordin MM, Mohd-Lila MA, Fong LS, Ramanoon SZ, Zahli NIU. Rabies epidemiology in Malaysia (2015\u20132023): A cross-sectional insights and strategies for control. Vaccine. 2024;42(26):126371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126371.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"5110_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.42.1.006","volume":"42","author":"YA Wada","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wada YA, Noordin MM, Mazlan M, Ramanoon SZ, Izzati UZ, Lau SF, Mohd-Lila MA. Spatiotemporal mapping of canine rabies transmission dynamics in Sarawak, East Malaysia from 2017 to 2023. Trop Biomed. 2025;42(1):36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47665\/tb.42.1.006.","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"6","key":"5110_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12954","volume":"69","author":"GA Matulis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matulis GA, Altantogtokh D, Lantos PM, Jones JH, Wofford RN, Janko M, et al. Hotspots in a cold land-reported cases of rabies in wildlife and livestock in Mongolia from 2012\u20132018. Zoonoses Public Health. 2022;69(6):655\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12954.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"5110_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijidoh.2025.100070","volume":"22","author":"SA Johnson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johnson SA, Odoom T, Abubakari RA, Oni AA, Amoako KK, Osei G, et al. Rabies outbreak on a goat farm in a suburb of Cape Coast, Ghana: an epidemiologic investigation. IJID One Health. 2025;22:100070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijidoh.2025.100070.","journal-title":"IJID One Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5110_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1681-z","volume":"14","author":"IL Moreira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moreira IL, de Sousa DE, Ferreira-Junior JA, de Castro MB, Fino TC, Borges JR, Soto-Blanco B, C\u00e2mara AC. Paralytic rabies in a goat. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1681-z.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5110_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-0934(01)00423-2","volume":"101","author":"J Bingham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bingham J, van der Merwe M. Distribution of rabies antigen in infected brain material: determining the reliability of different regions of the brain for the rabies fluorescent antibody test. J Virol Methods. 2002;101(1\u20132):85\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-0934(01)00423-2.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5110_CR29","unstructured":"The Borneo Post. Uggah: Immune Belt Enforcement Team vaccinates up to 70 pct dogs in operation areas. 2023. Available at: https:\/\/www.theborneopost.com\/2023\/05\/12\/uggah-immune-belt-enforcement-team-vaccinates-up-to-70-pct-dogs-in-operation-areas\/ (Accessed: 24 July 2025)."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05110-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05110-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05110-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T03:46:22Z","timestamp":1762400782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05110-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05110-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was required, as the Sarawak Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (SVDL) is authorised to collect samples from animals suspected of rabies under the Sarawak Law, specifically Chap.\u00a032, VPHO 1999, Sect.\u00a038 (4) and 39 (1).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"648"}}