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The most effective treatment for FCGS is tooth extraction. However, most cats require additional drug treatment for refractory FCGS even after undergoing extractions. We hypothesized that the combination of interferon-\u03c9 (IFN) and cyclosporine (CsA) would improve clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of IFN and CsA in FCGS using Stomatitis Disease Activity Index (SDAI) scores. In this study, the treatment process was divided into two stages: in the surgical stage (Stage 1), all cats underwent tooth extraction combined with submucosal IFN injection; in the immunomodulatory stage (Stage 2), additional IFN\/CsA treatment was administered to cats with refractory FCGS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The therapeutic response was monitored during treatment period using SDAI scores. The patients were classified into four groups by oral examination: Group A (Surgical remission), Group B (Substantial improvement to resolution), Group C (Partial improvement), and Group D (No response). Patients achieving complete remission following surgical treatment were classified into Group A (39.2% of all cases). Patients assessed as having refractory FCGS after surgical treatment accounted for 60.8% of all patients and were divided into three groups. Groups B, C, and D accounted for 52.1%, 45.2%, and 2.7% of refractory cases, respectively. In addition, the SDAI scores showed significant differences across groups at all time points. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses identified key SDAI thresholds for early classification: a T\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      score cutoff of 6.5 and a T\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2013T\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      score change cutoff of \u2212\u200914.5 effectively distinguished Group A. The long-term follow-up revealed that cats classified as \u201csubs-resolution\u201d at T\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      were significantly more likely to sustain clinical improvement for \u2265\u20092 years than those in the \u201cnon-partial\u201d group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed that the combination of IFN and CsA is an effective therapeutic option for refractory FCGS, with more than half of treated cats showing clinical improvement and 76.5% of those achieving subs\u2013resolution at 6 months maintaining remission for 2\u20136 years. These findings further indicate that evaluating SDAI scores six months after a three-month course of immunomodulatory therapy provides prognostic value for predicting long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05141-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T15:22:44Z","timestamp":1765898564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-term efficacy of cyclosporine and interferon-\u03c9 in feline chronic gingivostomatitis: insights from SDAI scores"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6486-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kue Hwan","family":"Choe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwangsik","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6626-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5391-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Min","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5141_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00054","volume":"3","author":"JN Winer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winer JN, Arzi B, Verstraete FJ. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all owners for the participation of their animals in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"708"}}