{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:52:43Z","timestamp":1781617963410,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and operative outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy (PE-MHL) compared to standard open mini-hemilaminectomy (SO-MHL) in feline cadavers.\u00a0A prospective, controlled, paired cadaver study was conducted using fifteen skeletally mature domestic short-haired cat cadavers (median body weight 3.9\u00a0kg). At the L4\u2013L5 intervertebral space, PE-MHL was performed on the left and SO-MHL on the right side. Times for fluoroscopic localization, approach, spinal cord exposure and closure were recorded. Incision length, suture length, and bone window area were measured. Bone windows were assessed by postoperative CT. Mixed-effects models compared techniques and evaluated procedure times across cases as a potential indicator of surgical improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 30 procedures provided full visualization of spinal cord, nerve root and ventral aspect of the vertebral canal. Mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard error of the mean (SEM) of total surgical time was longer for PE-MHL than SO-MHL (65.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u00a0min vs. 30.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0min), owing chiefly to longer exposure time; modelling predicted time parity after 20 PE-MHL cases. PE-MHL produced smaller skin incisions (8.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0mm vs. 22.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00a0mm), closure lengths (11.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00a0mm vs. 23.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u00a0mm) and bone-window areas (51.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u00a0mm\u00b2 vs. 64.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u00a0mm\u00b2). PE-MHL resulted in a single nerve-root injury. No other complications were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy is technically feasible in the feline lumbar spine. Procedure times decreased with increasing number of cases and experience. The results support further prospective evaluation of PE-MHL in clinical feline patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05147-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:01:38Z","timestamp":1763200898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic and standard open mini-hemilaminectomy in cats \u2013 a prospective, controlled, paired cadaver study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alina","family":"Busch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina Dorothee","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Zablotski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kornmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-37-4-384","volume":"37","author":"KR Mu\u00f1ana","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1ana KR, Olby NJ, Sharp NJ, et al. Intervertebral disk disease in 10 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2001;37(4):384\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/15473317-37-4-384.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"5147_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5326\/0440109","volume":"44","author":"JE Harris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harris JE, Dhupa S. Lumbosacral intervertebral disk disease in six cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2008;44(3):109\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/0440109.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"5147_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16630358","volume":"19","author":"S De Decker","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Decker S, Warner A-S, Volk HA. Prevalence and breed predisposition for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;19(4):419\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X16630358.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"5147_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13182","volume":"48","author":"SE Hamilton-Bennett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamilton-Bennett SE, Behr S. Clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging features, and outcome in 6 cats with lumbar degenerative intervertebral disc extrusion treated with hemilaminectomy. Vet Surg. 2019;48(4):556\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.13182.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"5147_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e443","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221121893","volume":"24","author":"L Bibbiani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bibbiani L, Gelendi S, Bernardini M, et al. Prevalence, clinical presentation and MRI of intervertebral disc herniations in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2022;24(12):e443\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X221121893.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"5147_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16950","volume":"38","author":"JA Amey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amey JA, Liatis T, Cherubini GB, et al. Outcomes of surgically and conservatively managed thoracolumbar and lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniations in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38:247\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16950.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"5147_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105844","volume":"187","author":"G Rossi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossi G, Stachel A, Lynch AM, et al. Intervertebral disc disease and aortic thromboembolism are the most common causes of acute paralysis in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency clinic. Vet Rec. 2020;187:e81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.105844.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"5147_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X21102803","volume":"24","author":"KM Fowler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fowler KM, Pancotto TE, Werre SR, et al. Outcome of thoracolumbar surgical feline intervertebral disc disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2022;24:473\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X21102803.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"5147_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2001.0131","volume":"3","author":"MF Knipe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knipe MF, Vernau KM, Hornof WJ, et al. Intervertebral disc extrusion in six cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2001;3:161\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/jfms.2001.0131.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"5147_CR10","unstructured":"Seim HB, Nafe LA. Spontaneous Intervertebral Disk Extrusion with Associated Myelopathy in a Cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1981;17:201-204.21."},{"key":"5147_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fefer G, Bynum L, Early P. Surgical management of a lumbar far lateral intervertebraldisc extrusion in a cat. J Feline Med Surg Open Reports. 2024:Aug 2;10(2):20551169241261577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20551169241261577","DOI":"10.1177\/20551169241261577"},{"issue":"3","key":"5147_CR12","first-page":"305","volume":"9","author":"A Schulman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schulman A, Lippincott CL. Dorsolateral hemilaminectomy in the treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1987;9(3):305\u201310.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"issue":"9","key":"5147_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1976.tb07005.x","volume":"17","author":"KG Braund","year":"1976","unstructured":"Braund KG, Taylor TK, Gosh P, et al. Lateral spinal decompression in the dog. J Small Anim Pract. 1976;17(9):583\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1976.tb07005.x.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"5147_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1988.tb02181.x","volume":"29","author":"ND Jeffery","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jeffery ND. Treatment of acute and chronic thoracolumbar disc disease by \u2018mini hemilaminectomy\u2019. J Small Anim Pract. 1988;29:611\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1988.tb02181.x.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"5147_CR15","first-page":"975","volume":"55","author":"JL Huska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huska JL, Gaitero L, Brisson BA, et al. Presence of residual material following mini-hemilaminectomy in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Can Vet J. 2014;55:975\u201380.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"5147_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632655","volume":"13","author":"TP Hill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hill TP, Lubbe AM. Lumbar spine stability following hemilaminectomy, pediculectomy and fenestration. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2000;13:165\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1632655.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"5147_CR17","first-page":"6","volume":"2","author":"PK Shires","year":"1991","unstructured":"Shires PK, Waldron DR, Hedlund CS, et al. A Biomechanical study of rotational instability in unaltered and surgically altered canine thoracolumbar vertebral motion units. Prog Vet Neurol. 1991;2:6\u201314.","journal-title":"Prog Vet Neurol"},{"key":"5147_CR18","first-page":"297","volume":"31","author":"E Viguier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Viguier E, Petit-Etienne G, Magnier J, et al. Mobility of T13-L1 after spinal cord decompression procedures in dogs (an in vitro study). Vet Surg. 2002;31:297.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"5147_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuchi Y, Shimada M, Takahashi F, et al. Finite element analysis shows minimal stability difference between individualized mini-hemilaminectomy-corpectomy and partial lateral corpectomy in a dog model. Am J Vet Res. 2024;85(12). jvr.24.08.0244.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.08.0244"},{"issue":"4","key":"5147_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00042","volume":"23","author":"G Svensson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Svensson G, Simonsson USH, Danielsson F, et al. Residual spinal cord compression following hemilaminectomy and Mini-Hemilaminectomy in dogs: A prospective randomized study. Front Vet Sci. 2017;23(4):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2017.00042.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5147_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0148","volume":"79","author":"H-S Moon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moon H-S, Hwang Y-H, Lee H-C, et al. Operative techniques of percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy using a uniportal approach in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2017;79(9):1532\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.17-0148.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"5147_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100241","volume":"8","author":"H Kamischina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamischina H, Nakano Y, Nakata K, et al. Microendoscopic Mini-Hemilaminectomy and discectomy in acute thoracolumbar disc extrusion dogs: A pilot study. Vet Sci. 2021;8(10):241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci8100241.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"S1","key":"5147_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O84","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12569","volume":"45","author":"Y-H Hwang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hwang Y-H, Lee H-C, Lee J-H. Operative technique and preliminary outcome following percutaneous endoscopic thoracolumbar pediculotomy in dogs. Vet Surg. 2016;45(S1):O84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.12569.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"5147_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7853\/kjvs.2024.47.2","volume":"47","author":"SH Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee SH, Choi SY, Kwak HH, et al. Minimally invasive percutaneous endoscopic thoracolumbar foraminotomy in large-bree dogs \u2013 a comparative study. Korean J Vet Serv. 2024;47(2):61\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7853\/kjvs.2024.47.2.","journal-title":"Korean J Vet Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"5147_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/20551169211048460","volume":"7","author":"K Sakamoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakamoto K, Nozue Y, Murakami M, et al. Minimally invasive spinal surgery in a young Cat with vertebral hypertrophy. J Feline Med Surg Open Rep. 2021;7(2):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20551169211048460.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg Open Rep"},{"key":"5147_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12098.x","volume":"43","author":"AA Lockwood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lockwood AA, Griffon DJ, Gordon-Evans W, et al. Comparison of two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracolumbar spinal Canal in dogs. Vet Surg. 2014;43:209\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12098.x.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"S1","key":"5147_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O52","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12968","volume":"48","author":"AG Drury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drury AG, Monnet E, Packer RA, et al. Determination of surgical exposure obtained with integrated endoscopic thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in large-breed cadaveric dogs. Vet Surg. 2019;48(S1):O52\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.12968.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"5147_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O76","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13385","volume":"49","author":"J Guevar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guevar J, Zidan N, Durand A, et al. Minimally invasive spine surgery in dogs: evaluation of the safety and feasibility of a thoracolumbar approach to the spinal cord. Vet Surg. 2020;49(Suppl1):O76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.13385.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"5147_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O86","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13263","volume":"49","author":"J Guevar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guevar J, Olby N. Minimally invasive microsurgical decompression of an intervertbral disc protrusion in a dog. Vet Surg. 2020;49(Suppl1):O86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.13263.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"5147_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.22-0226","volume":"85","author":"K Itamoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Itamoto K, Itoh H, Sunahara H, et al. Comparison of surgical invasiveness between micro-endoscopic discectomy\/microscopic discectomy and conventional hemilaminectomy in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2023;85(6):617\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.22-0226.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5147_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296051","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1296051","volume":"11","author":"B MacQuiddy","year":"2024","unstructured":"MacQuiddy B, Bartner L, Marolf A, et al. The use of a minimally invasive integrated endoscopic system to perform hemilaminectomies in chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1296051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1296051.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5147_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.008","volume":"48","author":"BF Hettlich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hettlich BF. Minimally invasive spine surgery in small animals. Vet Clin Small Anim. 2018;48:153\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.008.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim"},{"issue":"6","key":"5147_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00862.x","volume":"40","author":"C Carozzo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carozzo C, Maitre P, Genevois J-P, et al. Endoscope-Assisted thoracolumbar lateral corpectomy. Vet Surg. 2011;40(6):738\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00862.x.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"5147_CR34","first-page":"137","volume":"15","author":"RM Rayward","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rayward RM. Feline intervertebral disc disease: a review of the literature. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2022;15:137\u201344.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5147_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11090429","volume":"11","author":"J Richter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Richter J, M\u00fclling CKW, R\u00f6hrmann N. A morphometric study on the dimensions of the vertebral Canal and intervertebral discs from Th1 to S1 in cats and their relevance for spinal diseases. Vet Sci. 2024;11(9):429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11090429.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5147_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101369","volume":"173","author":"N Tanaka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tanaka N, Kitagawa M, Ito D, et al. A modified lateral muscle-separation approach for mini-hemilaminectomy. Vet Rec. 2013;173(12):296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.101369.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"5147_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00019.2004","volume":"28","author":"D Curran-Everett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Curran-Everett D, Benos DJ. Guidelines for reporting statistics in journals published by the American physiological society. Adv Physiol Educ. 2004;28(1\u20134):85\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/advan.00019.2004.","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"5147_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.185","volume":"4","author":"SA Julious","year":"2005","unstructured":"Julious SA. Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Pharm Stat. 2005;4(4):287\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pst.185.","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"5147_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20247","volume":"31","author":"MA Hertzog","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hertzog MA. Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Res Nurs Health. 2008;31(2):180\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nur.20247.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05147-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05147-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05147-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:00:51Z","timestamp":1781614851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05147-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05147-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The use of the cadavers was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the LMU Munich (Approval number: 421-01-10-24). Informed consent from the owner was not necessary as per local federal regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"672"}}