{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T04:49:29Z","timestamp":1768366169761,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24fk0108683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24fk0108683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05171-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T10:46:54Z","timestamp":1764931614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of P1 and P2 Subclades of Leptospira carriage in swine in Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nipun","family":"Rathnayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devinda","family":"Muthusinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rydhnieya","family":"Vijeyakumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavani","family":"Senarathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Videesha","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yomani","family":"Sarathkumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruwanpathiranage","family":"Nalinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanae","family":"Shiokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Yoshimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanath","family":"Rajapakse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandika","family":"Gamage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5171_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5727","volume":"9","author":"A Verma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verma A, Soto E, Illanes O, Ghosh S, Fuentealba C. Detection and genotyping of Leptospira spp. from the kidneys of a seemingly healthy pig slaughtered for human consumption. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(5):530\u20132.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"9","key":"5171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, et al. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(9):e0003898.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5171_CR3","first-page":"184","volume":"62","author":"K Rajasuriya","year":"1959","unstructured":"Rajasuriya K, Somasunderam M, Nagaratnam N. Leptospirosis in Ceylon. J Trop Med Hyg. 1959;62:184\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5171_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Warnasekara J, Koralegedara I, Agampodi S. Estimating the burden of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka; a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):119.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3655-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3655-y"},{"key":"5171_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2022015","volume":"44","author":"J Warnasekara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warnasekara J, Agampodi S. Neglecting the neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022008.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"key":"5171_CR6","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Distribution of Notification Leptospirosis Cases by Month. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.epid.gov.lk\/web\/index.php?option=com_casesanddeaths&Itemid=448&lang=en#. Cited 2023 Feb 5."},{"issue":"2","key":"5171_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0065","volume":"22","author":"T Athapattu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Athapattu T, Fernando R, Abayawansha R, Fernando P, Fuward M, Samarakoon N, et al. Carrier status of Leptospira spp. in healthy companion dogs in Sri Lanka. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2022;22(2):87\u201392.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases."},{"issue":"12","key":"5171_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","volume":"3","author":"AR Bharti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, et al. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(12):757\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"5171_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214701","volume":"14","author":"HS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee HS, Thanh TL, Ly NK, Nguyen-Viet H, Thakur KK, Grace D. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and Japanese encephalitis in swine in ten provinces of Vietnam. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(8):e0221013.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12014","volume":"61","author":"CD Gamage","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gamage CD, Koizumi N, Perera AKC, Muto M, Nwafor-Okoli C, Ranasinghe S, et al. Carrier status of leptospirosis among cattle in Sri Lanka: a zoonotic threat to public health. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014;61(1):91\u20136.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5171_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12328","volume":"56","author":"S Schuller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schuller S, Francey T, Hartmann K, Hugonnard M, Kohn B, Nally JE, et al. European consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(3):159\u201379.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"5171_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.271","volume":"6","author":"IB Guedes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guedes IB, de Souza GO, de Oliveira LAR, Castro JF, de Souza Filho AF, Maia AL, et al. Prevalence of Leptospira serogroups in buffaloes from the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(3):433\u201340.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5171_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.47895\/amp.v52i1.493","volume":"52","author":"SYAM Villanueva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Villanueva SYAM, Baterna RA, Cavinta LL, Yanagihara Y, Gloriani NG, Yoshida SI. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among water buffaloes, pigs, and dogs in selected areas in the Philippines, 2007 to 2008. Acta Med Philipp. 2018;52:109\u201317.","journal-title":"Acta Med Philipp"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3537-3","volume":"18","author":"S Chadsuthi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chadsuthi S, Chalvet-Monfray K, Wiratsudakul A, Suwancharoen D, Cappelle J. A remotely sensed flooding indicator associated with cattle and buffalo leptospirosis cases in Thailand 2011\u20132013. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):602.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR15","first-page":"93","volume":"11","author":"S Thayaparan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thayaparan S, Robertson ID, Abdullah MT. Serological and molecular detection of Leptospira spp. from small wild mammals captured in Sarawak, Malaysia. Malays J Microbiol. 2015;11(1):93\u2013101.","journal-title":"Malays J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR16","first-page":"9","volume":"4","author":"Z Tilahun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tilahun Z, Reta D, Simenew K. Global epidemiological overview of leptospirosis. Int J Microbiol Res. 2013;4(1):9\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1206-8","volume":"18","author":"T Yamaguchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamaguchi T, Higa N, Okura N, Matsumoto A, Hermawan I, Yamashiro T, et al. Characterizing interactions of Leptospira interrogans with proximal renal tubule epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18(1):64.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5171_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","volume":"7","author":"AI Ko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(10):736\u201347.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5171_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001358","volume":"146","author":"F Bertelloni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertelloni F, Turchi B, Vattiata E, Viola P, Pardini S, Cerri D, et al. Serological survey on Leptospira infection in slaughtered swine in North-Central Italy. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146(10):1275\u201380.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"5171_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050585","volume":"12","author":"G Macaluso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macaluso G, Torina A, Blanda V, Guercio A, Lastra A, Giacchino I, et al. Leptospira in slaughtered fattening pigs in Southern Italy: serological survey and molecular typing. Animals. 2022;12(5):585.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5171_CR21","unstructured":"Slavica A, Cvetnic \u017d, Konjevic D, Janicki Z, Severin K, De\u017edek D, et al. Detection of Leptospira spp. serovars in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from continental Croatia. Vet Arh. 2010;80(2)."},{"issue":"4","key":"5171_CR22","first-page":"357","volume":"83","author":"Z Milas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milas Z, \u0160tritof Majeti\u0107 Z, Habu\u0161 J, Moj\u010dec Perko V, Stare\u0161ina V, Barbi\u0107 L, et al. The occurrence and maintenance of Leptospira serovars Australis and Bratislava in domestic and wild animals in Croatia. Vet Arh. 2013;83(4):357\u201369.","journal-title":"Vet Arh"},{"key":"5171_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050332","author":"C Bertasio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertasio C, Papetti A, Scaltriti E, Tagliabue S, D\u2019incau M, Boniotti MB. Serological survey and molecular typing reveal new leptospira serogroup pomona strains among pigs of northern Italy. Pathogens. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9050332.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816002247","volume":"145","author":"K Pedersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedersen K, Anderson TD, Bevins SN, Pabilonia KL, Whitley PN, Virchow DR, et al. Evidence of leptospirosis in the kidneys and serum of feral swine (Sus scrofa) in the United States. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(1):87\u201394.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR25","first-page":"89","volume":"34","author":"D Benacer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benacer D, Thong KL, Ooi PT, Souris M, Lewis JW, Ahmed AA, et al. Serological and molecular identification of Leptospira spp. In swine and stray dogs from Malaysia. Trop Biomed. 2017;34(1):89\u201397.","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"10","key":"5171_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100857","volume":"9","author":"A Poudel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poudel A, Hoque MM, Madere S, Bolds S, Price S, Barua S, et al. Molecular and serological prevalence of leptospira spp. in feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and their habitats in Alabama, USA. Pathogens. 2020;9(10):857.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5171_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ellis WA. Animal Leptospirosis. In: Adler B, editor. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015. pp. 99-137. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_6.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_6"},{"key":"5171_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927.ch55","volume-title":"Diseases of swine","author":"ZJ Arent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arent ZJ, Ellis WA. Leptospirosis. In: Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Zhang J, editors. Diseases of swine. 11th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019. p. 854\u201362.","edition":"11"},{"key":"5171_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-018-0086-5","volume":"4","author":"K Strutzberg-Minder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strutzberg-Minder K, Tschentscher A, Beyerbach M, Homuth M, Kreienbrock L. Passive surveillance of Leptospira infection in swine in Germany. Porcine Health Manag. 2018;4:10.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag"},{"issue":"9","key":"5171_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091082","volume":"10","author":"SK Behera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Behera SK, Sabarinath T, Mishra PKK, Deneke Y, Kumar A, Chandrasekar S, et al. Immunoinformatic study of recombinant liga\/bcon1-5 antigen and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in primary and secondary binding tests for serodiagnosis of porcine leptospirosis. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1082.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR31","first-page":"63","volume":"13","author":"B Brihuega","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brihuega B, Loffler SG, Samartino L, Romero G, Auteri C, Martinez M. First isolation of Leptospira borgpetersenii from fetuses of wild boars (Sus scrofa). Electron J Biol. 2017;13(1):63\u20136.","journal-title":"Electron J Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"5171_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14436","volume":"58","author":"D Maes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maes D, Peltoniemi O, Malik M. Abortion and fetal death in sows. Reprod Domest Anim. 2023;58(Suppl 2):125\u201336.","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"5171_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.04.029","volume":"195","author":"TPJ Athapattu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Athapattu TPJ, Fernando BR, Koizumi N, Gamage CD. Detection of pathogenic leptospires in the urine of domesticated elephants in Sri Lanka. Acta Trop. 2019;195:78\u201382.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2457-4","volume":"10","author":"DTH Denipitiya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Denipitiya DTH, Chandrasekharan NV, Abeyewickreme W, Hartskeerl RA, Hapugoda MD. Identification of cattle, buffaloes and rodents as reservoir animals of Leptospira in the district of Gampaha, Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):50.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"8","key":"5171_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0153","volume":"11","author":"CD Gamage","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gamage CD, Koizumi N, Muto M, Nwafor-Okoli C, Kurukurusuriya S, Rajapakse JRPV, et al. Prevalence and carrier status of leptospirosis in smallholder dairy cattle and peridomestic rodents in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11(8):1041\u20137.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5171_CR36","first-page":"1040","volume":"3","author":"S Yathramullage","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yathramullage S, Meegaskumbura S. Leptospira reservoirs among small mammals in Sri Lanka. J Bacteriol Mycol. 2016;3(4):1040\u20133.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Mycol"},{"key":"5171_CR37","first-page":"5","volume":"20","author":"K Nityananda","year":"1971","unstructured":"Nityananda K, Harvey T. Leptospirosis in Ceylon \u2013 epidemiological and laboratory studies. Ceylon J Med Sci. 1971;20:5\u201314.","journal-title":"Ceylon J Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5171_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008573","volume":"14","author":"L Karunanayake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karunanayake L, Gamage CD, Gunasekara CP, De Silva S, Izumiya H, Morita M, et al. Multilocus sequence typing reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of Leptospira spp. circulating in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(8):e0008573.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5171_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000430","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000651.v4","volume":"6","author":"AKUI Karunadasa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karunadasa AKUI, Toma C, Senaratne P, Kumara KGRA, Herath TM, Pathirage MMK, et al. ELISA for leptospiral 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in urine is a promising screening tool for acute leptospirosis. Access Microbiol. 2024;6:000430.","journal-title":"Access Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5171_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5507","volume":"9","author":"F Miraglia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miraglia F, Moreno LZ, Morais ZM, Langoni H, Shimabukuro FH, Dellagostin OA, et al. Characterization of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona isolated from swine in Brazil. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(10):1085\u201390.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"9","key":"5171_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx119","volume":"75","author":"LZ Moreno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moreno LZ, Kremer FS, Jaeger LH, Loureiro AP, Miraglia F, Eslabao MR, et al. Genomic characterization and comparative analysis of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis isolated from swine. Pathog Dis. 2017;75(9):ftx086.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5171_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000213","volume":"2","author":"MA Matthias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matthias MA, Ricaldi JN, Cespedes M, Diaz MM, Galloway RL, Saito M, et al. Human leptospirosis caused by a new, antigenically unique Leptospira associated with a Rattus species reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(4):e213.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5171_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161262","volume":"23","author":"M Tsuboi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsuboi M, Koizumi N, Hayakawa K, Kanagawa S, Ohmagari N, Kato Y. Imported Leptospira licerasiae infection in traveler returning to Japan from Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(3):548\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04213-6","volume":"20","author":"A Steinrigl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steinrigl A, Willixhofer D, Schindler M, Richter S, Unterweger C, Ahmed AA, et al. Isolation and characterization of Leptospira licerasiae in Austrian swine\u2014a first-time case report in Europe. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20(1):348.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5171_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caraballo L, Rangel Y, Reyna-Bello A, Mu\u00f1oz M, Figueroa-Espinosa R, Sanz-Rodriguez C, et al. Outbreak of Intermediate Species Leptospira venezuelensis Spread by Rodents to Cows and Humans in L. interrogans\u2013Endemic Region, Venezuela. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2024;30(8):1514. Available from: https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/30\/8\/23-1562_article.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.231562"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010135","volume":"12","author":"R Steinparzer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steinparzer R, Duerlinger S, Schmoll F, Steinrigl A, Bag\u00f3 Z, Willixhofer D, et al. Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae failed to establish distinct infection in na\u00efve gilts: lessons learned from a preliminary experimental challenge. Pathogens. 2023;12(1):135.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"5171_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8030158","volume":"8","author":"H de Gomes Ara\u00fajo","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Gomes Ara\u00fajo H, Limeira CH, de Viviane Ferreira Aquino V, Longo Ribeiro Vilela V, Jos\u00e9 Alves C, dos Silvano Santos Higino S, et al. Global seropositivity of swine leptospirosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(3):158.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5171_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8100468","volume":"8","author":"GF dos Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"dos Santos GF, Petri FAM, Pires GP, Panneitz AK, Braga ER, Malcher CS, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Leptospira spp. infection in backyard pigs in the State of Paran\u00e1, Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(10):468.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"5171_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14(2):296\u2013326. Available from: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1128\/cmr.14.2.296-326.2001.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"5171_CR50","first-page":"157","volume":"11","author":"AR Burriel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burriel AR, Varoudis L, Alexopoulos C, Kritas S, Kyriakis SC. Serological evidence of Brucella species and Leptospira interrogans serovars in Greek swine herds. J Swine Health Prod. 2003;11(4):157\u201360.","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"key":"5171_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas LS, Machado G, Dewes C, Felix SR, Pacheco P, Silva \u00c9F da. Seroprevalence for leptospirosis in swine: a study in animals slaughtered in Pelotas\/RS. 2018;6(1):62\u201371.","DOI":"10.15210\/sah.v6i1.12830"},{"issue":"6","key":"5171_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.474","volume":"62","author":"N Koizumi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koizumi N, Gamage CD, Muto M, Kularatne SAM, Budagoda SBDS, Rajapakse JRPV, et al. Serological and genetic analysis of leptospirosis in patients with acute febrile illness in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009;62(6):474\u20135.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5171_CR53","first-page":"871","volume":"43","author":"C Nwafor-Okoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nwafor-Okoli C, Koizumi N, Kularatne SA, Rajapakse J, Gamage CD, Muto M, et al. Leptospira infection at the University of Peradeniya Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka: Clinical and laboratory investigations. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012;43(4):871\u20138.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"5171_CR54","unstructured":"Department of Census and Statistics - Sri Lanka. National Livestock Statistics 2017 - 2022. 2023. Available from: http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/Agriculture\/StaticalInformation\/NationalLivestockStatistics. Cited 2024 Mar 31."},{"issue":"6","key":"5171_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02649.x","volume":"45","author":"H Kawabata","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kawabata H, Dancel LA, Villanueva SYAM, Yanagihara Y, Koizumi N, Watanabe H. FlaB-polymerase chain reaction (flaB-PCR) and its restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis are an efficient tool for detection and identification of Leptospira spp. Microbiol Immunol. 2001;45(6):491\u20139.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5171_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2008.465","volume":"61","author":"N Koizumi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koizumi N, Muto M, Yamamoto S, Baba Y, Kudo M, Tamae Y, et al. Investigation of reservoir animals of Leptospira in the northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008;61(6):429\u201331.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5171_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamage CD, Sykes JE, Athapattu TPJ, Senerathne P, Karunadasa U, Fuward M, et al. Isolation of Leptospira licerasiae, Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kmetyi From Apparently Healthy Companion Dogs Vaccinated for Leptospirosis. Vet Med Sci. 2025;11(3):e70375. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40309759\/. Cited 2025 Sep 20.","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70375"},{"issue":"9","key":"5171_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000800","volume":"67","author":"GGT Nisansala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nisansala GGT, Muthusinghe D, Gunasekara TDCP, Weerasekera MM, Fernando SSN, Ranasinghe KNP, et al. Isolation and characterization of leptospira interrogans from two patients with leptospirosis in Western Province, Sri Lanka. J Med Microbiol. 2018;67(9):1249\u201352.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5171_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00882-15","volume":"3","author":"K Satou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Satou K, Shimoji M, Tamotsu H, Juan A, Ashimine N, Shinzato M, et al. Complete genome sequences of low-passage virulent and high-passage avirulent variants of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain UP-MMCNIID, originally isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis, determined using PacBio single-molecule real-time technology. Genome Announc. 2015;3(4):e00882-15.","journal-title":"Genome Announc"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05171-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05171-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05171-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:19:30Z","timestamp":1768342770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05171-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05171-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committees of the Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, and Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK (UG-6118).Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}