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The current research aims to update the information on the present prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the risk factors associated with the infection in domestic ruminants in Aswan, Egypt, from August 2024 to January 2025, using serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The blood of 387 domestic ruminants collected during the antemortem examination from four central abattoirs in the Aswan governorate, Upper Egypt, was inspected for the occurrence of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies through a modified agglutination technique. Data were confirmed by a nested polymerase chain reaction that targeted\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA (\n                      <jats:italic>B1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene). Tissue specimens (heart and diaphragm) from seropositive animals were collected during postmortem examination and subjected to a histopathological and immunohistochemical approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 29.5% (114\/387), with seropositivity of 33.5% (52\/155), 28.2% (22\/78), 23.6% (21\/89), and 29.2% (19\/65) in cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, respectively. The studied risk factors (age, gender, breed, body condition, and location) in this study were detected to be significantly related to the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u02c2 0.05). Histopathological examination detected tissue cysts in 38 out of 114 cardiac muscles of seropositive animals and failed to detect any cysts in the diaphragm tissue, indicated by encased, circular to elongated, basophilic cysts with many bradyzoites entrenched in muscle fibers by H&amp;E staining, while showing intense brown granule staining of lymphoblastic cells by immunohistochemistry assay. Nested PCR confirmed the presence of the\n                      <jats:italic>B1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in blood samples of all seropositive animals (100%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combined use of serology, PCR, and IHC demonstrates that\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is present in slaughtered ruminants in Aswan and that viable tissue cysts are present in edible tissues. These findings highlight a potential risk of zoonotic transmission through the consumption of undercooked meat and emphasize the need for monitoring and control measures to reduce the burden of foodborne toxoplasmosis in Egypt.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05195-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T05:46:59Z","timestamp":1767073619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seromolecular and histopathological study on Toxoplasma gondii infection in ruminants in Aswan, Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gareh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nady Kh.","family":"Elbarbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fotouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser M.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5195_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1511","volume":"10","author":"J Jabbari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jabbari J, Hajipour N, Hassanzadeh P, Ketzisc J. 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Blood samples used in the present investigation were obtained from live animals during the antemortem inspection. In contrast, the tissue samples were collected during the postmortem inspection after the agreement of the owners and the head veterinarian in the abattoir.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"49"}}