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Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the electrocardiographic parameters and heart rate variability (HRV) of wild jaguars (\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera onca<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) captured in Brazil. The anaesthetic protocol used for chemical restraint of the animals involved the drug combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (7\u00a0mg\/Kg) along with the \u03b12 adrenergic (receptor) agonist dexmedetomidine (10\u00a0\u00b5g\/Kg). The 42 electrocardiographic reports from 39 animals were categorized (sex, estimated age, and body weight) and statistically analysed; 25 females and 14 males between two and 21 years old with a mean weight of 80.96\u2009\u00b1\u200923\u00a0kg were analysed. During the examination, the mean heart rate maintained by the animals was 99\u00a0bpm, with a maximum heart rate during the examination of 122\u00a0bpm and a minimum heart rate of 93\u00a0bpm; the values were comparable with the reference values for large felids. Electrocardiographic parameters differed between the sexes (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090,05) (P wave amplitude, QT interval and ST segment) and between the estimated ages (P wave amplitude) and the body weight (P wave amplitude and S amplitude) of the animals. The HRV determined by electrocardiogram did not differ (SDNN 52.89\u2009\u00b1\u200950.37, rMSSD 59.99\u2009\u00b1\u200959.79, ApEntropy 0.47\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36, CVI 3.03\u2009\u00b1\u20091.35, CSI 1.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.82, alpha 1 DFA 0.821\u2009\u00b1\u20090.264, alpha 2 DFA 0.689\u2009\u00b1\u20090.385); however, the effect of tiletamine\u2013zolazepam in combination with an anaesthetic agent such as dexmedetomidine (an \u03b12 adrenergic receptor) has never been described. Since this anaesthetic protocol has currently been used effectively in wild felids, the description of electrocardiographic parameters and HRV in free-ranging jaguars seems to be particularly important for future studies of the autonomic tone in the sedation of this species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05285-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T10:06:45Z","timestamp":1768385205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrocardiographic parameters and heart rate variability in free-ranging Jaguars (Panthera onca) immobilized with tiletamine\u2013zolazepam\u2013dexmedetomidine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Karina Resende","family":"Assoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joares Adenilson","family":"May J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Sarita Cruz","family":"Aleixo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Harumi","family":"Tsunemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee Laufer","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Melchert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Henrique","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lucia Gomes","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5285_CR1","unstructured":"Santilli R, Mo\u00efse S, Pariaut R, Perego M. 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The funders played no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"137"}}