{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:48:32Z","timestamp":1787755712807,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05304-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:37:35Z","timestamp":1769683055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of vatinoxan and fentanyl on blood glucose concentrations and diuresis in male Wistar rats sedated with medetomidine and midazolam"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5920-3717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Lindh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Meller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoliina","family":"Alm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja","family":"Raekallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhana","family":"Honkavaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"5304_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800036-6.00005-3","volume-title":"Laboratory animal anaesthesia","author":"P Flecknell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flecknell P. Anaesthesia of common laboratory species: special considerations. In: Flecknell P, editor. Laboratory animal anaesthesia. 4th ed. Boston: Academic; 2016. pp. 193\u2013256.","edition":"4"},{"key":"5304_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0310-8","author":"M Albrecht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Albrecht M, Henke J, Tacke S, Markert M, Guth B. Influence of repeated anaesthesia on physiological parameters in male Wistar rats: a telemetric study about isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, Midazolam and Fentanyl. BMC Vet Res. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-014-0310-8. PMID: 25551200 PMCID: PMC4301083. Dec;10;310.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5304_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahmanian-Schwarz A, Held M, Knoeller T, Amr A, Schaller HE, Jaminet P. The effect of repetitive intraperitoneal anesthesia by application of fentanyl-medetomidine and midazolam in laboratory rats. J Invest Surg. 2012;25(2):123\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08941939.2011.611582. PMID: 22439839.","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2011.611582"},{"issue":"3","key":"5304_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej12-0308","volume":"60","author":"SY Kodera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kodera SY, Yoshida M, Dezaki K, Yada T, Murayama T, Kawakami M, et al. Inhibition of insulin secretion from rat pancreatic Islets by Dexmedetomidine and medetomidine, two sedatives frequently used in clinical settings. Endocr J. 2013;60(3):337\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.ej12-0308. Epub 2012 Nov 22. PMID: 23171706.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"5304_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fagerholm V, Gr\u00f6nroos T, Marjam\u00e4ki P, Viljanen T, Scheinin M, Haaparanta M. Altered glucose homeostasis in \u03b12A-adrenoceptor knockout mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2004;505(1\u20133):243\u2009\u2013\u200952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.10.023. PMID: 15556159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.10.023"},{"key":"5304_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrade CA, Andrade-Franz\u00e9 GM, De Paula PM, De Luca LA Jr, Menani JV. Role of \u03b12-adrenoceptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of body fluid homeostasis. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014;47(1):11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1414-431X20133308. Epub 2014 Jan 10. PMID: 24519089; PMCID: PMC3932968.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20133308"},{"issue":"1","key":"5304_CR7","first-page":"13","volume":"31","author":"FK Mohammad","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mohammad FK, Ahmed FA, Al-Kassim NA. Effect of Yohimbine on xylazine-induced diuresis in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol. Feb; 1989;31(1):13\u20135. PMID: 2711602.","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"5304_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2001.36229","volume":"49","author":"JH Miller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miller JH, McCoy KD, Coleman AS. Renal actions of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, xylazine, in the anaesthetised rat. N Z Vet J. 2001;49:173\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00480169.2001.36229.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"15","key":"5304_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00448-1","volume":"59","author":"G Horv\u00e1th","year":"1996","unstructured":"Horv\u00e1th G, Morvay Z, Kov\u00e1cs M, Szil\u00e1gyi A, Szikszay M. Drugs acting on calcium channels modulate the diuretic and micturition effects of Dexmedetomidine in rats. Life Sci. 1996;59(15):1247\u201357. PMID: 8926838.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"5304_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kudo LH, H\u00e9bert CA, Rouch AJ. Inhibition of water permeability in the rat collecting duct: effect of imidazoline and alpha-2 compounds. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999;221(2):136\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-67.x. PMID: 10352125.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-67.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"5304_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00744-y","volume":"66","author":"E Lindh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lindh E, Meller A, Raekallio M. Effects of Vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, Midazolam and Fentanyl. Acta Vet Scand. 2024;66(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-024-00744-y. PMID: 38822394; PMCID: PMC11141047.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"5304_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)31845-8","volume":"211","author":"RJ Roman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Roman RJ, Cowley AW, Lechene C. Water diuretic and natriuretic effect of clonidine in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Nov; 1979;211(2):385\u201393. PMID: 501569.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"5304_CR13","first-page":"42","volume":"66","author":"TD Ambrisko","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ambrisko TD, Hikasa Y. Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of Medetomidine compared with xylazine in beagle dogs. Can J Vet Res. Jan; 2002;66(1):42\u20139. PMID: 11858648 PMCID: PMC226981.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5304_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.06.756","volume":"59","author":"S Burton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burton S, Lemke KA, Ihle SL, Mackenzie AL. Effects of Medetomidine on serum osmolality; urine volume, osmolality and pH; free water clearance; and fractional clearance of sodium, chloride, potassium, and glucose in dogs. Am J Vet Res. June; 1998;59(6):756\u201361. PMID: 9622747.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"5304_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez E, Steffey EP, Ocampo L, Rodriguez A, Garcia AA. Effects of \u03b12-adrenergic receptor agonists on urine production in horses deprived of food and water. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65(10):1342\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1342. PMID: 15524320.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1342"},{"key":"5304_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Humphreys MH, Reid IA, Ya Nan Chou L. Suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion by clonidine in the anesthetized dog. Kidney Int. 1975;7(6):405\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.1975.58. PMID: 1167185.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1975.58"},{"key":"5304_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gellai M, Edwards RM. Mechanism of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist-induced diuresis. Am J Physiol. 1988;255(2 Pt 2):F317\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.1988.255.2.F317. PMID: 2900606.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1988.255.2.F317"},{"issue":"3","key":"5304_CR18","first-page":"224","volume":"73","author":"MH Talukder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Talukder MH, Hikasa Y. Diuretic effects of Medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy dogs. Can Vet J. 2009;73(3):224\u201336. PMID: 19794896; PMCID: PMC2705078.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5304_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11932.x","volume":"97","author":"J Lepp\u00e4luoto","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4luoto J, Ruskoaho H. The effect of medetomidine, an a2-adrenoceptor agonist, on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels, haemodynamics and renal excretory function in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1989;97(1):125\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11932.x. PMID: 2566350; PMCID: PMC1854463.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"5304_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pettinger WA, Keeton TK, Campbell WB, Harper DC. Evidence for a renal alpha-adrenergic receptor inhibiting renin release. Circ Res. 1976;38(5):338\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.res.38.5.338. PMID: 5201.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.38.5.338"},{"key":"5304_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smyth DD, Umemura S, Yang E, Pettinger WA. Inhibition of renin release by \u03b1-adrenoceptor stimulation in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987;Aug;4;140(1):33\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-2999(87)90630-3. PMID: 2887445.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(87)90630-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"5304_CR22","first-page":"260","volume":"73","author":"MH Talukder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Talukder MH, Hikasa Y, Takahashi H, Sato K, Matsuu A. Antagonistic effects of Atipamezole and Yohimbine on medetomidine-induced diuresis in healthy dogs. Can J Vet Res. Oct; 2009;73(4):260\u201370. PMID: 20046627; PMCID: PMC2757706.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5304_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22301-1","volume":"245","author":"BV Clineschmidt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Clineschmidt BV, Pettibone DJ, Lotti VJ, Hucker HB, Sweeney BM, Reiss DR, et al. A peripherally acting alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist: L-659,066. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;245(1):32\u201340. PMID: 2896239.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"5304_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13514","volume":"48","author":"J Honkavaara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Honkavaara J, Lindh EKM, Meller A, Alm K, Raekallio M, Syrj\u00e4 P. The impact of Vatinoxan on the concentrations of medetomidine, midazolam, and Fentanyl in central nervous system after subcutaneous co-administration in rats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2025;48(5):433\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.13514. Epub 2025 Apr 21. PMID: 40259449; PMCID: PMC12415804.","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"5304_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Restitutti F, Kaartinen MJ, Raekallio MR, Wejberg O, Mikkola E, Del Castillo JRE, Scheinin M, Vainio OM. Plasma concentration and cardiovascular effects of intramuscular medetomidine combined with three doses of the peripheral alpha2-antagonist MK-467 in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(3):417\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.04.006 Epub 2017 Jan 11. PMID: 28552594.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.04.006"},{"key":"5304_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105610","volume":"269","author":"JR Box","year":"2021","unstructured":"Box JR, Karikoski NP, Tanskanen HE, Raekallio MR. The effects of an alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist, antagonist, and their combination on the blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon concentrations in insulin sensitive and dysregulated horses. Vet J. Mar; 2021;269:105610. Epub 2021 Jan 15. PMID: 33593492.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"5304_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.011","volume":"52","author":"N Jantunen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jantunen N, Raekallio M, Obrochta B, Tapio H, Gracia Calvo L, Rivera P\u00f6yh\u00f6nen R, et al. The effects of a long-duration intravenous infusion of detomidine, with and without vatinoxan, on equine energy metabolism and urine composition. Vet Anaesth Analg Vet Anaesth Analg. 2025;52(6):803\u20139. Epub 2025 Jul 2. PMID: 40707351. Nov-Dec.","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"5304_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14353.x","volume":"106","author":"HC Jackson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jackson HC, Griffin IJ, Birkett SD, Nutt DJ. The effects of Idazoxan and other alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists on urine output in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;106(2):443\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14353.x. PMID: 1356562; PMCID: PMC1907495.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5304_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.04.002","volume":"52","author":"E Lindh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lindh E, Meller A, Alm K, Finckenberg P, Raekallio M, Honkavaara J. Peripheral alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist Vatinoxan improves the quality of medetomidine\u2013midazolam sedation in Wistar rats. Vet Anaesth Analg. Jul-Aug; 2025;52(4):386\u201395. Epub 2025 Apr 19. PMID: 40345965.","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"5304_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16;242 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02451-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02451-y"},{"key":"5304_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1700","volume":"29","author":"E Santos-Nogueira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Santos-Nogueira E, Redondo Castro E, Mancuso R, Navarro X, Randall-Selitto Test. A new approach for the detection of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29:898\u2013904. PMID: 21682605 PMCID: PMC3303094.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"5304_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sidler M, Aitken K, Forward s, Vitkin A, Bagli D. Non-invasive voiding assessment in conscious mice. Bladder (San Franc). 2018;5(2):e33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14440\/bladder.2018.582. PMID: 32775475; PMCID: PMC7401987.","DOI":"10.14440\/bladder.2018.582"},{"key":"5304_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu WH, Hummel SK. Xylazine-induced hyperglycemia in cattle: a possible involvement of a2-adrenergic receptors regulating insulin release. Endocrinology. 1981;109(3):825\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo-109-3-825. PMID: 6266810.","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-3-825"},{"key":"5304_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.09.012","volume":"242","author":"IJ Kallio-Kujala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kallio-Kujala IJ, Bennett RC, Raekallio MR, Yatkin E, Meierjohann A, Savontaus E, et al. Effects of Dexmedetomidine and MK-467 on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon in a glibenclamide-induced canine hypoglycaemia model. Vet J. Dec; 2018;242:33\u20138. Epub 2018 Sep 21. PMID: 30503541.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"5304_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15747","volume":"34","author":"JE Kritchevsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kritchevsky JE, Muir GS, Leschke DHZ, Hodgson JK, Hess EK, Bertin F. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations after alpha-2\u2010agonists administration in horses with and without insulin dysregulation. J Vet Intern Med. Mar; 2020;34(2):902\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15747. Epub 2020 Feb 26. PMID: 32100334; PMCID: PMC7096659.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"5304_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nishimura R, Kim H, Matsunaga S. Effects of medetomidine-midazolam on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in laboratory pigs. J Vet Med Sci. 1994;56(3):559\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.56.559. PMID: 7948392.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.56.559"},{"key":"5304_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zuurbier CJ, Keijzers PJM, Koeman A, Van Wezel HB, Hollmann MW. Anesthesia\u02bcs effects on plasma glucose and insulin and cardiac hexokinase at similar hemodynamics and without major surgical stress in fed rats. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(1):135\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/01.ane.0000297299.91527.74. PMID: 18165568.","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000297299.91527.74"},{"key":"5304_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Angel I, Langer SZ. Adrenergic-induced hyperglycemia in anaesthetized rats: involvement of peripheral \u03b12-adrenoceptors. Eur J Phamacol. 1988;154(2):191\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90097-0. PMID: 2906612.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90097-0"},{"key":"5304_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ismail NA, El-Denshary ES, Idahl LA, Lindstr\u00f6m P, Sehlin J, T\u00e4ljedal IB. Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on insulin secretion, calcium uptake, and rubidium efflux in mouse pancreatic islets. Acta Physiol Scand. 1983;118(2):167\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07257.x. PMID: 6137936.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07257.x"},{"key":"5304_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakaki T, Nakadate T, Kato R. Alpha 2-adrenoceptors modulating insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1980;313(2):151\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00498572. PMID: 6252481.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00498572"},{"key":"5304_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cabral ADM, Kapusta DR, Kenigs VA, Varner KJ. Central \u03b12-receptor mechanisms contribute to enhanced renal responses during ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(6):R1867\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.275.6.R1867. PMID: 9843875.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.275.6.R1867"},{"key":"5304_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gellai M. Modulation of vasopressin antidiuretic action by renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol. 1990;1;259(1 Pt 2):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.1990.259.1.F1. PMID: 2165355.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1990.259.1.F1"},{"key":"5304_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blantz RC, Tucker BJ, Gushwa L, Peterson OW. Mechanism of diuresis following acute modest hyperglycemia in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1983;244(2):F185-194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.1983.244.2.F185. PMID: 6824080.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1983.244.2.F185"},{"key":"5304_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saleh N, Aoki M, Shimada T, Akiyoshi H, Hassanin A, Ohashi F. Renal effects of medetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with special reference to its diuretic action. J Vet Med Sci. 2005;67(5):461\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.67.461. PMID: 15942129.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.461"},{"issue":"2","key":"5304_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1984.45.02.224","volume":"45","author":"JC Thurmon","year":"1984","unstructured":"Thurmon JC, Steffey EP, Zinkl JG, Woliner M, Howland D. Xylazine causes transient dose-related hyperglycemia and increased urine volumes in mares. Am J Vet Res. Feb; 1984;45(2):224\u20137. PMID: 6711946.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5304_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030555","volume":"7","author":"Y Liang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liang Y, Arakawa K, Ueta K, Matsushita Y, Kuriyama C, Martin T, et al. Effect of Canagliflozin on renal threshold for glucose, glycemia, and body weight in normal and diabetic animal models. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(2):e30555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0030555. Epub 2012 Feb 15. PMID: 22355316; PMCID: PMC3280264.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5304_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noonan WT, Banks RO. Renal function and glucose transport in male and female mice with diet-induced type II diabetes mellitus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000;225(3):221\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1373.2000.22528.x. PMID: 11082217.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.2000.22528.x"},{"key":"5304_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800036-6.00004-1","volume-title":"Laboratory animal anaesthesia","author":"P Flecknell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flecknell P. Analgesia and Post-Operative care. In: Flecknell P, editor. Laboratory animal anaesthesia. 4th ed. Boston: Academic; 2016. pp. 141\u201392.","edition":"4"},{"key":"5304_CR49","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Laboratory animal anaesthesia","author":"P Flecknell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flecknell P. Basic principles of anaesthesia. In: Flecknell P, editor. Laboratory animal anaesthesia. 4th ed. Boston: Academic; 2016. pp. 1\u201375.","edition":"4"},{"key":"5304_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gaskill BN, Garner JP. Stressed out: providing laboratory animals with behavioral control to reduce the physiological effects of stress. Lab Anim. 2017;46(4):142\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/laban.1218. PMID: 28328902.","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.1218"},{"key":"5304_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114726","volume":"457","author":"D Yildiz Pehlivan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yildiz Pehlivan D, Kara AY, Koyu A, Simsek F. Enhancing Fentanyl antinociception and preventing tolerance with \u03b1-2 adrenoceptor agonists in rats. Behav Brain Res. Feb; 2024;457:114726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114726. Epub 2023 Oct 20. PMID: 37865211.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"5304_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nunamaker EA, Turner PV, Unmasking the Adverse Impacts of Sex Bias on Science and Research Animal Welfare. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(17):2792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13172792. PMID: 37685056; PMCID: PMC10486396.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172792"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05510-y","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000}}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05304-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05304-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05304-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:11:10Z","timestamp":1783091470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05304-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05304-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05510-y","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05510-y","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were approved by the Project Authorisation Board of the Regional State Administrative Agency in Finland (license ESAVI\/39801\/2023). The license matches the requirements of both the European Union legislation and the updated ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines for reporting in vivo experiments. The animals were purpose-bred for laboratory research and purchased from Envigo RMS B.V. No separate consent to participate or permission to collect specimens\/animals were required, since this was not a clinical study with privately-owned animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"119"}}