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All procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international regulations, they were non-invasive and did not involve any experimental manipulation likely to cause pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. Specifically, all methods complied with European Directive 2010\/63\/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and its national transposition through Spanish Royal Decree 53\/2013. The study was conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals, and reporting followed the ARRIVE guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from the manager of the public stud farm where the study was conducted, as well as from the individual owners and riders of the horses included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual animal\u2019s data (including identifiable details, images, or videos), nor any personal information from owners or riders.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"148"}}