{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:16:14Z","timestamp":1783678574277,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05321-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T07:44:27Z","timestamp":1783323867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling Clinostomum spp. In farmed nile tilapia from upper Egypt: morphological clues and molecular evidence"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gareh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa E.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed K.","family":"Dyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada Oudah","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen I.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulbaset Mohammad Mostafa","family":"Kabli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali S. A.","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abd Al-Rahman S","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5321_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division. FAO Fisheries Aquaculture Div (2022) doi: 10.4060\/CB8609EN.","DOI":"10.4060\/cb8609en"},{"key":"5321_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI10081432","volume":"10","author":"FA El-gohary","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-gohary FA, Zahran E, Abd El\u2010Gawad EA, El\u2010gohary AH, Abdelhamid FM, El\u2010mleeh A, Elmahallawy EK, Elsayed MM. Investigation of the prevalence, virulence genes, and antibiogram of motile aeromonads isolated from nile tilapia fish farms in Egypt and assessment of their water quality. Animals. 2020;10:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANI10081432.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5321_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tessema W. Review on parasites of fish and their public health importance. ARC J Anim Veterinary Sci. 2020;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20431\/2455-2518.0602004.","DOI":"10.20431\/2455-2518.0602004"},{"key":"5321_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04146-0","volume":"20","author":"H Rahmati-Holasoo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahmati-Holasoo H, Azizzadeh M, Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi H, Shokrpoor S, Ziafati Kafi Z, Marandi A. Histopathological, morphological, and molecular characterization of fish-borne zoonotic parasite eustrongylides excisus infecting Northern Pike (Esox lucius) in Iran. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20:291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04146-0.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5321_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/S10499-019-00467-2","volume":"28","author":"AE Eissa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eissa AE, Abolghait SK, Younis NA, Dessouki AA, El-Lamie MM, Abu Mhara AA, Abdelsalam M. Myxobolus episquamalis infection in farmed Flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. and thin-lipped mullet Liza Ramada. Aquacult Int. 2020;28:363\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10499-019-00467-2.","journal-title":"Aquacult Int"},{"key":"5321_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abd-ELrahman SM, Gareh A, Mohamed HI, Alrashdi BM, Dyab AK, El-Khadragy MF, Khairy Elbarbary N, Fouad AM, El-Gohary FA, Elmahallawy EK, et al. Prevalence and morphological investigation of parasitic infection in freshwater fish (Nile Tilapia) from upper Egypt. Animals. 2023;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANI13061088.","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI13061088"},{"key":"5321_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6924523","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/6924523","volume":"2024","author":"SI Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam SI, Hamad MH, Jitsamai W, Rodkhum C, Taweethavonsawat P. Genetic diversity and population dynamics of Clinostomum spp. Using comprehensive bioinformatics approaches. Vet Med Int. 2024;2024:6924523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/vmi\/6924523.","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"5321_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S11686-024-00955-3\/FIGURES\/4","volume":"70","author":"M \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk M, Umur \u015e. Molecular and morphological characterization of two Clinostomum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) species with the first case of clinostomum tilapiae from Turkey. Acta Parasitol. 2025;70:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11686-024-00955-3\/FIGURES\/4.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"5321_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.37077\/25200860.2023.36.2.07","volume":"36","author":"YS Abdullah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdullah YS, Bilal SJ, Soor TAH, Mohammad YO. Surface ultrastructure and molecular studies of Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) Braun, 1899 (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) metacercariae in some freshwater fishes from Sulaimani Province, Iraq. Basrah J Agricultural Sci. 2023;36:81\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37077\/25200860.2023.36.2.07.","journal-title":"Basrah J Agricultural Sci"},{"key":"5321_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12917-024-03901-7\/FIGURES\/8","volume":"20","author":"OA Mahdy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahdy OA, Abdel-Maogood SZ, Abdelsalam M, Salem MA. A multidisciplinary study on Clinostomum infections in nile tilapia: micro-morphology, oxidative stress, immunology, and histopathology. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12917-024-03901-7\/FIGURES\/8.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5321_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanev I, Radev V, Fried B, Family Clinostomidae, L\u00fche. 1901. Keys to the Trematoda: Volume 1 (2002)113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/9780851995472.0113","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995472.0113"},{"key":"5321_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahdy OA, Abdel-Maogood SZ, Abdelrahman HA, Fathy FM, Salem MA. Assessment of Verbesina alternifolia and Mentha piperita oil extracts on Clinostomum phalacrocoracis metacercariae from Tilapia zillii. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci (2022) 11:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S43088-022-00229-9\/FIGURES\/6","DOI":"10.1186\/S43088-022-00229-9\/FIGURES\/6"},{"key":"5321_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3347\/KJP.2009.47.4.401","volume":"47","author":"CW Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park CW, Kim JS, Joo HS, Kim J. A human case of Clinostomum complanatum infection in Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2009;47:401\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/KJP.2009.47.4.401.","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"5321_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.21608\/EJABF.2021.145698","volume":"25","author":"MA Salem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salem MA, Abdel-Maogood SZ, Abdelsalam M, Mahdy OA. Comparative morpho-molecular identification of Clinostomum phalacrocoracis and Clinostomum complanatum metacercaria coinfecting nile tilapia in Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2021;25:461\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJABF.2021.145698.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"5321_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5898-3","volume":"117","author":"E Simsek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simsek E, Yildirim A, Yilmaz E, Inci A, Duzlu O, Onder Z, Ciloglu A, Yetismis G, Pekmezci GZ. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) in freshwater fishes caught from Turkey. Parasitol Res. 2018;117:2117\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-018-5898-3.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"5321_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"NS Satour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Satour NS, ZAA-RM. Occurrence of encysted metacercariae in tilapia Nilotica (Oreochromus niloticus) in Alexandria Province and their public health significance. Alexandria J Veterinary Sci. 2019;2:61:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Alexandria J Veterinary Sci"},{"key":"5321_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"AA Shaheen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaheen AA, Asely E, Abd AM, Gawad E, Farag EA, Abbass AF. Diagnosis of some internal parasitic diseases in some freshwater fishes. Global J Fisheries Aquaculture Researches. 2014;1:1\u201317. www.mphegypt.com [Accessed August 19, 2025].","journal-title":"Global J Fisheries Aquaculture Researches"},{"key":"5321_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21608\/AVMJ.2010.173868","volume":"56","author":"MS Marzouk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marzouk MS, Abdelaziz MA, Moustafa M, AAbotorki S. Monitoring of seasonal parasitic and mycotic problems affecting cultured Oreochromis niloticus under semi-intensive system. Assiut Vet Med J. 2010;56:1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/AVMJ.2010.173868.","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"5321_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.21608\/EJABF.2020.70036","volume":"24","author":"SI Tayel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tayel SI, Ahmed NA, Ramadan EA. Histopathological alterations and parasitic infection in Oreochromis niloticus fish inhabiting the river nile water. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2020;24:233\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJABF.2020.70036.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"5321_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.21608\/EJABF.2023.317197","volume":"27","author":"DA Yassen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yassen DA, Abd El-Gawad EA, Mahrous KF, Abd El-Razik KA, Tantawy AA, Abbass AA. Prevalence of diegenetic encysted metacercariae and their histopathological alterations in the nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2023;27:65\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJABF.2023.317197.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"5321_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.21608\/EJABF.2023.323786","volume":"27","author":"RE Abo El-Ella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abo El-Ella RE, Youssef E, Sallam NH, Hassanin DA, Abouelhassan EM. Prevalence of monogenetic and digenetic trematodes parasitized fish collected from Port said and Ismailia Governorates, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2023;27:1207\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJABF.2023.323786.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"5321_CR22","first-page":"653","volume":"13","author":"AM Abou-Eisha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abou-Eisha AM, Saleh RE, Fadel HM, Youssef EM, Helmy YA. Role of freshwater fishes in the epidemiology of some zoonotic trematodes in Ismaillia Province. Suez Canal Veterinary Med Journa. 2008;13:653\u2013973.","journal-title":"Suez Canal Veterinary Med Journa"},{"key":"5321_CR23","first-page":"44","volume":"4","author":"YA Hefnawy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hefnawy YA, Ahmed HA, Dyab AK, Abdel-Aziz AR, Boules S. Fish as a potential source of parasites of public health importance in El-Minia governorate, Egypt. PSM Microbiol. 2019;4:44\u201352.","journal-title":"PSM Microbiol"},{"key":"5321_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5579508","volume":"2023","author":"OA Mahdy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahdy OA, Abdelsalam M, Salem MA. Molecular characterization and immunological approaches associated with yellow Grub trematode (Clinostomid) infecting nile tilapia. Aquac Res. 2023;2023:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/5579508.","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"5321_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2019.68295","volume":"49","author":"SM Saad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saad SM, Salem AM, Mahdy OA, Ibrahim ES. Prevalence of metacercarial infection in some marketed fish in Giza Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2019;49:129\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jesp.2019.68295.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"5321_CR26","first-page":"107","volume":"51D","author":"AI Saad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saad AI. A comparative study of different metacercarial infections in two freshwater fishes from lake Nasser, nile river and hatcheries at Aswan \u2013 Egypt. J Egyptian-German Soc Zool. 2007;51D:107\u201325.","journal-title":"J Egyptian-German Soc Zool"},{"key":"5321_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2013.172289","volume":"59","author":"MAA Ammar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ammar MAA, Arafa MI. Cryptosporidium and other zoonotic parasites in Oreochromis niloticus in Assiut Governorate. Assiut Veterinary Med J. 2013;59:142\u201351.","journal-title":"Assiut Veterinary Med J"},{"key":"5321_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.21608\/AVMJ.2023.158225.1086","volume":"69","author":"S Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Hefnawy Y, Arafa M, El-Malek A. Parasites of public health importance in nile and cultured fish in El-Minya Governorate. Assiut Vet Med J. 2023;69:120\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/AVMJ.2023.158225.1086.","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"5321_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly ME, Dyab AK, Mohsen AI, Darwish M, Gareh A. Prevalence and Morphological Characterization of Parasitic Infection in Fresh Water Fish in Sohag Province, Egypt. Assiut Vet Med J (Special issue) 19 th Sci Cong 2024, Fac Vet Med, Assiut Univ340\u2013350. www.aun.edu.eg [Accessed August 19, 2025].","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2024.292380.1268"},{"key":"5321_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.21608\/EAJBSE.2018.124616","volume":"10","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed M, El-Ganainy S, Abd El-Aziz SH. Morphological and electrophoretic differentiation of two clinostomatid metacercariae infecting Oreochromis niloticus from the river nile at El-Minia District, Egypt. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci E Med Entomol Parasitol. 2018;10:105\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EAJBSE.2018.124616.","journal-title":"Egypt Acad J Biol Sci E Med Entomol Parasitol"},{"key":"5321_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.3043","volume":"59","author":"W Mahmoud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahmoud W, Elsharawy N, Hashem M. Prevalence of metacercariae in nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) at assuit Province and the effect of freezing on its viability. Alex J Vet Sci. 2018;59:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/ajvs.3043.","journal-title":"Alex J Vet Sci"},{"key":"5321_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.21608\/AVMJ.2025.318619.1385","volume":"71","author":"HA Abd Elraheem","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abd Elraheem HA, Dyab AK, Madiha Darwish, Mohamed SA. Studies on some fish parasites of public health importance in Sohag governorate, Egypt. Assiut Veterinary Med J Assiut Vet Med J. 2025;71:662\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/AVMJ.2025.318619.1385.","journal-title":"Assiut Veterinary Med J Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"5321_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.21608\/SVU.2021.94053.1148","volume":"4","author":"A Mansour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mansour A, Hussein A-NA, Ammar KN, Morsy K. Annotated record of Digenean parasites collected from fishes of the river nile in Qena and Aswan governorates, Egypt. SVU-International J Veterinary Sci. 2021;4:68\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/SVU.2021.94053.1148.","journal-title":"SVU-International J Veterinary Sci"},{"key":"5321_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.37.4.159","volume":"37","author":"LJ DeTolla","year":"1995","unstructured":"DeTolla LJ, Srinivas S, Whitaker BR, Andrews C, Hecker B, Kane AS, Reimschuessel R. Guidelines for the care and use of fish in research. ILAR J. 1995;37:159\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ilar.37.4.159.","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"5321_CR35","unstructured":"Thrusfield M. CR (With). Veterinary epidemiology. 4th ed. Wiley; 2018."},{"key":"5321_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.21608\/KVMJ.2015.109533","volume":"13","author":"MA Elseify","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elseify MA, Elseify MA, El Shihawy I, Metwally AM, Fawaz M. Studies on nematode parasites infecting freshwater fish in Qena Governorate. Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Med J. 2015;13:19\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/KVMJ.2015.109533.","journal-title":"Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Med J"},{"key":"5321_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3201\/EID2202.150051","volume":"22","author":"LK Arya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arya LK, Rathinam SR, Lalitha P, Kim UR, Ghatani S, Tandon V. Trematode fluke Procerovum varium as cause of ocular inflammation in Children, South India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/EID2202.150051.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5321_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001068","volume":"144","author":"M Caffara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caffara M, Locke SA, Echi PC, Halajian A, Benini D, Luus-Powell WJ, Tavakol S, Fioravanti ML. A morphological and molecular study of clinostomid metacercariae from African fish with a redescription of Clinostomum tilapiae. Parasitology. 2017;144:1519\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182017001068.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5321_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215:403\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"5321_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/MOLBEV\/MST010","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:772\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/MOLBEV\/MST010.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"5321_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/MOLBEV\/MSY096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35:1547\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/MOLBEV\/MSY096.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"5321_CR42","unstructured":"Rambaut A. (2018) Figtree ver 1.4.4. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/reference\/referencespapers?referenceid=3470267 [Accessed September 4, 2025]."},{"key":"5321_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0469","volume":"100","author":"MC Arostegui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arostegui MC, Wood CL, Jones IJ, Chamberlin AJ, Jouanard N, Faye DS, Kuris AM, Riveau G, De Leo GA, Sokolow SH. Potential biological control of schistosomiasis by fishes in the lower Senegal river basin. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100:117\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0469.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5321_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18369","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8427","volume":"11","author":"J Jourdan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jourdan J, Riesch R, Cunze S. Off to new shores: climate niche expansion in invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia spp). Ecol Evol. 2021;11:18369\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.8427.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5321_CR45","unstructured":"Bula B, Etana M, Abdisa T, Getu M. Epidemiology of Helminthes, Protozoans and Ectoparasites of Fishes: A Review. Vet Med Animal Sci 2023; 6(1): 1126 (2023) 6:1\u201312. [Accessed July 9, 2025]."},{"key":"5321_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106400","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MICPATH.2023.106400","volume":"185","author":"M Dayana Senthamarai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dayana Senthamarai M, Rajan MR, Bharathi PV. Current risks of microbial infections in fish and their prevention methods: A review. Microb Pathog. 2023;185:106400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MICPATH.2023.106400.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"5321_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1150","volume":"9","author":"H Rahmati-Holasoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahmati-Holasoo H, Tavakkoli S, Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi H, Marandi A, Taheri Mirghaed A. Parasitic fauna of farmed freshwater ornamental Sutchi catfish (Pangasiandon hypophthalmus) and silver dollar (Metynnis hypsauchen) in Alborz province, Iran. Vet Med Sci. 2023;9:1627\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.1150.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5321_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taher A. Some studies on metacercarial infection in Oreochromis niloticus in Assiut Governorate and their role in transmission of some trematodes to dogs. Ass Univ Bull Environ Res. 2009;12(1):63\u201378.","DOI":"10.21608\/auber.2009.149541"},{"key":"5321_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6726","DOI":"10.1111\/ARE.15543","volume":"52","author":"AH Hamouda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamouda AH, Younis AE. Characterization of Clinostomum cutaneum and Clinostomum phalacrocoracis in tilapia species of Aswan Governorate, egypt: A morphological, molecular and histopathological study. Aquac Res. 2021;52:6726\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ARE.15543.","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"5321_CR50","first-page":"3412","volume":"16","author":"NM-I Uzonnah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uzonnah NM-I, Iheagwam CN, Idika IK, Nnaji FN, Iyoke AO. Prevalence of clinostomum tilapiae metacercariae in wild nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, from Dugudu Lake, Igboetiti local government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria. Anim Res Int. 2019;16:3412\u20137. [Accessed July 9, 2025].","journal-title":"Anim Res Int"},{"key":"5321_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2024.344887","volume":"28","author":"EF Goda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goda EF et al. Prevalence, Morphological, and molecular diagnosis of some foodborne encysted metacercariae affecting fish and their control using some food safety measures. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish (2024) 28:1983\u20132006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejabf.2024.344887","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"5321_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.274","volume":"6","author":"AK Hund","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hund AK, Fuess LE, Kenney ML, Maciejewski MF, Marini JM, Shim KC, Bolnick DI. Population-level variation in parasite resistance due to differences in immune initiation and rate of response. Evol Lett. 2022;6:162\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evl3.274.","journal-title":"Evol Lett"},{"key":"5321_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014082","volume":"23","author":"MI Khalil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khalil MI, El-Shahawy IS, Abdelkader HS. Studies on some fish parasites of public health importance in the Southern area of Saudi Arabia. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2014;23:435\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1984-29612014082.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"5321_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iyaji F, Etim L, Eyo J. Parasite assemblages in fish hosts. Bio-Research. 2010;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/BR.V7I2.56606.","DOI":"10.4314\/BR.V7I2.56606"},{"key":"5321_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/S11230-010-9231-5","volume":"76","author":"A Gustinelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gustinelli A, Caffara M, Florio D, Otachi EO, Wathuta EM, Fioravanti ML. First description of the adult stage of Clinostomum cutaneum Paperna, 1964 (Digenea: Clinostomidae) from grey Herons Ardea cinerea L. and a redescription of the metacercaria from the nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (L.) in Kenya. Syst Parasitol. 2010;76:39\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11230-010-9231-5.","journal-title":"Syst Parasitol"},{"key":"5321_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/zsc.12096","volume":"44","author":"SA Locke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Locke SA, Caffara M, Marcogliese DJ, Fioravanti ML. A large-scale molecular survey of Clinostomum (Digenea, Clinostomidae). Zool Scr. 2015;44:203\u201317. 1111\/ZSC.12096;SUBPAGE:STRING:FULL.","journal-title":"Zool Scr"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05321-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05321-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05321-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T09:46:41Z","timestamp":1783676801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05321-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05321-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt (Approval No. 06\/2024\/0199). All fish were euthanized using humane procedures in accordance with established guidelines, and sampling from the farms was carried out with prior authorization, following ARRIVE standards and applicable animal welfare regulations (\n                      \n                      ). This workflow integrated careful movement from fish farms, optimized tank conditions, accurate anesthetic dosing, and attentive handling, ensuring proper sampling while fully complying with international ethical guidelines for euthanasia of fish. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners of fish farms for the participation of their animals in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"413"}}