{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:59:09Z","timestamp":1781639949357,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031691","name":"University of Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute pancreatitis triggers the production of acute-phase proteins (APPs) in the body, among which C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most extensively studied and widely used for both diagnosis and prognosis. The diagnostic value of other APPs is less well known. Our study aimed to compare six APPs in a canine model of experimentally induced acute pancreatitis (AP). We measured serum CRP, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HAPT), hepcidin-\u03b1 and -\u00df (HEPC-\u03b1, HEPC-\u00df), and albumin (ALB) levels in 10 dogs over 8 consecutive days following AP induction with cerulein injections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the study, CRP was the most consistent marker for tracking temporal changes in pancreatic enzymes among the studied APPs. We found no correlation between pancreatic enzymes and CRP or SAA levels; however, a significant positive correlation was observed between CRP and SAA. A moderate correlation was identified between serum cholesterol levels and both CRP and SAA concentrations. Albumin exhibited a moderate negative correlation with CRP and SAA. Neither HAPT nor hepcidins correlated with CRP, SAA, or pancreatic enzymes. Serum albumin remained within the reference interval.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on our experimental results, CRP remains the most consistent APP for monitoring canine pancreatitis. Our findings did not support the practical usefulness of hepcidins or haptoglobin in tracking pancreatitis in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05409-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:45:11Z","timestamp":1773121511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The comparison of acute phase proteins in experimentally induced canine acute pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Eszter T\u00fcnde","family":"Kanyorszky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Sterczer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Vizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L\u00e9da","family":"Babits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1ndor","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"L\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Manczur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-4439(96)00048-8","volume":"1317","author":"A Koj","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koj A. Initiation of acute phase response and synthesis of cytokines. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996;1317:84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0925-4439(96)00048-8.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"5409_CR2","first-page":"517","volume":"59","author":"C Cray","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cray C, Zaias J, Altman NH. Acute phase response in animals: a review. Comp Med. 2009;59(6):517\u201326. PMID: 20034426; PMCID: PMC2798837.","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"5409_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Mart\u00fdnez-Subiela S. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34(2):85\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-165x.2005.tb00019.x. PMID: 15902658.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165x.2005.tb00019.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"5409_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165x.2004.tb00377.x","volume":"33","author":"MM Fry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fry MM, Liggett JL, Baek SJ. Molecular cloning and expression of canine hepcidin. Vet Clin Pathol. 2004;33(4):223\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-165x.2004.tb00377.x.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"5409_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004002","volume":"35","author":"HH Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PMH. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Vet Res. 2004;35:163\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/vetres:2004002.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5409_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394596-9.00005-6","volume":"105","author":"C Cray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cray C. Acute phase proteins in animals. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2012;105:113\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-394596-9.00005-6.","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"5409_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3235","volume":"101","author":"E Nemeth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nemeth E, Valore EV, Territo M, Schiller G, Lichtenstein A, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acute-phase protein. Blood. 2003;101(7):2461\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3235. Epub 2002 Nov 14. PMID: 12433676.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"5409_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.06.005","volume":"177","author":"S Paltrinieri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paltrinieri S. The feline acute phase reaction. Vet J. 2008;177:26\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.06.005.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"5409_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2005.B1045","volume":"6","author":"E Gruys","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gruys E, Toussaint MJM, Niewold TA, Koopmans SJ. Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2005;6:1045\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1631\/jzus.2005.B1045.","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"5409_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15981","volume":"35","author":"SA Trub","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trub SA, Bush WW, Paek M, Cuff DE. Use of C-reactive protein concentration in evaluation of diskospondylitis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35:209\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15981.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"5409_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.08.018","volume":"206","author":"L Venco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Venco L, Bertazzolo W, Giordano G, Paltrinieri S. Evaluation of C-reactive protein as a clinical biomarker in naturally heartworm-infected dogs: a field study. Vet Parasitol. 2014;206:48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.08.018.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5409_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.1275","volume":"68","author":"K Ohno","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ohno K, Yokoyama Y, Nakashima K, Setoguchi A, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. C-reactive protein concentration in canine idiopathic polyarthritis. J Vet Med Sci. 2006;68:1275\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.68.1275.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5409_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70280","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70280","volume":"11","author":"L Xinyi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xinyi L, Jinlong L, Bin Z. Low-Invasive Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumours. Vet Med Sci. 2025;11(2):e70280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70280. PMID: 40095734; PMCID: PMC12077115.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5409_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14631","volume":"31","author":"SJ Viitanen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viitanen SJ, Lappalainen AK, Christensen MB, Sankari S, Rajam\u00e4ki MM. The Utility of Acute-Phase Proteins in the Assessment of Treatment Response in Dogs With Bacterial Pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:124\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.14631.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5409_CR15","first-page":"161","volume":"55","author":"MB Christensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christensen MB, Langhorn R, Goddard A, Andreasen EB, Moldal E, Tvarijonaviciute A, Kirpensteijn J, Jakobsen S, Persson F, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Comparison of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of systemic inflammation in dogs. Can Vet J. 2014;55(2):161\u20138. PMID: 24489396; PMCID: PMC3894877.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"5409_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.05.012","volume":"80","author":"R D\u0105browski","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u0105browski R, Kostro K, Szczubia\u0142 M. Concentrations of C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin in uterine arterial and peripheral blood in bitches with pyometra. Theriogenology. 2013;80(5):494\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.05.012.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"2","key":"5409_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100206","volume":"21","author":"F Tecles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tecles F, Cald\u00edn M, Zanella A, Membiela F, Tvarijonaviciute A, Subiela SM, Cer\u00f3n JJ. Serum Acute Phase Protein Concentrations in Female Dogs with Mammary Tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2009;21(2):214\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063870902100206.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"5409_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2019.06.007","volume":"171","author":"U Lisiecka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lisiecka U, Dudek K, Brodzki A, Kostro K, Czop M, Brodzki P. Evaluation of Serum Acute Phase Protein Concentrations in Dogs with Circumanal Gland Tumours. J Comp Pathol. 2019;171:12\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcpa.2019.06.007.","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5409_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.10.004","volume":"144","author":"V Matijatko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matijatko V, Mrljak V, Ki\u0161 I, Ku\u010der N, For\u0161ek J, \u017divi\u010dnjak T, Ceron JJ. Evidence of an acute phase response in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis. Vet Parasitol. 2007;144(3\u20134):242\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.10.004.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5409_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70323","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70323","volume":"11","author":"K Akar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akar K, Sanio\u011flu G\u00f6len G, Ekin \u0130H. Investigation of the Correlation Between ELISA and Serum Amyloid A in the Diagnosis of Bordetella bronchiseptica in Dogs. Vet Med Sci. 2025;11(3):e70323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70323. PMID: 40214008; PMCID: PMC11986845.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5409_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008039","volume":"4","author":"R Hagman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hagman R, R\u00f6nnberg E, Pejler G. Canine Uterine Bacterial Infection Induces Upregulation of Proteolysis-Related Genes and Downregulation of Homeobox and Zinc Finger Factors. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0008039.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"5409_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/01.don.0000158008.34623.6c","volume":"31","author":"TM Buttke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buttke TM, Shipper G, Delano EO, Trope M. C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid A in a Canine Model of Chronic Apical Periodontitis. J Endod. 2005;31(10):728\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.don.0000158008.34623.6c.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"5409_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.09.001","volume":"86","author":"PA Ulutas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ulutas PA, Musal B, Kiral F, Bildik A. Acute phase protein levels in pregnancy and oestrus cycle in bitches. Res Vet Sci. 2009;86(3):373\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.09.001.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"5409_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00f6fqvist K, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Nielsen MBM. Usefulness of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in early detection of postoperative infectious complications to tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2018;60(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-018-0385-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0385-5"},{"key":"5409_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.05.001","volume":"182","author":"M Lowrie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lowrie M, Penderis J, Eckersall PD, McLaughlin M, Mellor D, Anderson TJ. The role of acute phase proteins in diagnosis and management of steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis in dogs. Vet J. 2009;182:125\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.05.001.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"5409_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.05.007","volume":"194","author":"M Christensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christensen M, Jacobsen S, Ichiyanagi T, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Evaluation of an automated assay based on monoclonal anti-human serum amyloid A (SAA) antibodies for measurement of canine, feline, and equine SAA. Vet J. 2012;194:332\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.05.007.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"5409_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0404","volume":"75","author":"MB Christensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christensen MB, Langhorn R, Goddard A, Andreasen EB, Moldal E, Tvarijonaviciute A, Kirpenteijn J, Jakobsen S, Persson F, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Canine serum amyloid A (SAA) measured by automated latex agglutination turbidimetry is useful for routine sensitive and specific detection of systemic inflammation in a general clinical setting. J Vet Med Sci. 2013;75:459\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.12-0404.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5409_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16420","volume":"36","author":"E Behling-Kelly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Behling-Kelly E, Haak CE, Carney P, Waffle J, Eaton K, Goggs R. Acute phase protein response and changes in lipoprotein particle size in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(3):993\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16420. Epub 2022 Apr 14. PMID: 35420224; PMCID: PMC9151453.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"5409_CR29","unstructured":"Tridelta Ltd. Haptoglobin Main Page. http:\/\/www.trideltaltd.com\/Haptoglobin-Main-Page.html. Accessed May 5, 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"5409_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16640","volume":"37","author":"B Hernandez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hernandez B, Jaffey JA, Cohn LA, et al. Evaluation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, C-reactive protein, and haptoglobin as biomarkers in dogs newly diagnosed with histoplasmosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(2):476\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16640.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5409_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.03.017","volume":"72","author":"R Dabrowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dabrowski R, Kostro K, Lisiecka U, Szczubia\u0142 M, Krakowski L. Usefulness of C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A component, and haptoglobin determinations in bitches with pyometra for monitoring early post-ovariohysterectomy complications. Theriogenology. 2009;72(4):471\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.03.017. Epub 2009 May 27. PMID: 19477501.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.009","volume":"185","author":"PD Eckersall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eckersall PD, Bell R. Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Vet J. 2010;185(1):23\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.009. Epub 2010 Jun 2. PMID: 20621712.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"5409_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16269","volume":"35","author":"S Golinelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Golinelli S, de Marco V, Leal RO, Barbarossa A, Aniballi C, Maietti E, Tardo AM, Galac S, Fracassi F. Comparison of methods to monitor dogs with hypercortisolism treated with trilostane. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35:2616\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16269.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"5409_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122261","volume":"10","author":"L Franco-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franco-Mart\u00ednez L, Gelemanovi\u0107 A, Horvati\u0107 A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Mrljak V, Cer\u00f3n JJ, Mart\u00ednez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A. The Serum and Saliva Proteome of Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus. Anim (Basel). 2020;10:2261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10122261.","journal-title":"Anim (Basel)"},{"key":"5409_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0728.x","volume":"25","author":"ME Mylonakis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mylonakis ME, Ceron JJ, Leontides L, Siarkou VI, Martinez S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Koutinas AF, Harrus S. Serum acute phase proteins as clinical phase indicators and outcome predictors in naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25:811\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0728.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"5409_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192908","volume":"14","author":"S R\u00f6sch","year":"2024","unstructured":"R\u00f6sch S, Woitas J, Oechtering GU. Diagnostic Utility of Canine C-Reactive Protein, Haptoglobin, and 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D in Dogs with Nasal Cavity Disease. Anim (Basel). 2024;14(19):2908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14192908. PMID: 39409857; PMCID: PMC11475234.","journal-title":"Anim (Basel)"},{"key":"5409_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrews NC, Schmidt PJ. Iron homeostasis. Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:69\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.031905.164337. PMID: 17014365.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.031905.164337"},{"issue":"4","key":"5409_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20046319","volume":"20","author":"L Lombardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lombardi L, Maisetta G, Batoni G, Tavanti A. Insights into the antimicrobial properties of hepcidins: advantages and drawbacks as potential therapeutic agents. Molecules. 2015;20(4):6319\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules20046319. PMID: 25867823; PMCID: PMC6272296.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55009-w","volume":"9","author":"MK Mead","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mead MK, Claus M, Litton E, Smart L, Raisis A, Rossi G, Trengove RD, Gummer JPA. Identification of The Canidae Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):19400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-55009-w. PMID: 31852911; PMCID: PMC6920140.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5409_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vizi Z, Hotchkiss D, L\u00e1nyi K, Sterczer \u00c1. 2023. Quantitative demonstration of the existence of two isoforms of canine hepcidin in the serum & urine of dogs, Research in Veterinary Science, Volume 162, 2023, 104949, ISSN 0034-5288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.104949. (https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0034528823001947).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.104949"},{"key":"5409_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frowde PE, Gow AG, Burton CA, Powell R, Lipscomb VJ, House AK, Mellanby RJ, Tivers MS. Hepatic hepcidin gene expression in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt. J Vet Intern Med. 2014 Jul-Aug;28(4):1203\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12387. Epub 2014 Jun 24. PMID: 24962818; PMCID: PMC4857939.","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12387"},{"issue":"4","key":"5409_CR42","first-page":"487","volume":"36","author":"S Sahinduran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sahinduran S, Albay MK, Karakurum MC, Ozmen O, Kale M. Investigation of some cytokines, acute phase proteins and hepcidin levels before and after treatment in dogs with parvoviral gastroenteritis. Pak Vet J. 2016;36(4):487\u201392.","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"5409_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0574","volume":"83","author":"C Bhamarasuta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhamarasuta C, Premratanachai K, Mongkolpinyopat N, Yothapand P, Vejpattarasiri T, Dissayabutra T, Trisiriroj M, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C. Iron status and erythropoiesis response to darbepoetin alfa in dogs with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Med Sci. 2021;83(4):601\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.20-0574. Epub 2021 Feb 9. PMID: 33563860; PMCID: PMC8111353.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5409_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.14393\/VTN-v26n1-2020-53216","volume":"26","author":"PAD Filippo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filippo PAD, Sousa WMR, Fujimoto TAS, Mota FCD, Alves AE. Acute Phase Proteins response and their clinical application in veterinary medicine. Veterin\u00e1ria Not\u00edcias. 2020;26:30\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14393\/VTN-v26n1-2020-53216.","journal-title":"Veterin\u00e1ria Not\u00edcias"},{"key":"5409_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2004.04010.x","volume":"14","author":"JL Holm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holm JL, Rozanski EA, Freeman LM, Webster CRL. C-reactive protein concentrations in canine acute pancreatitis. J Veterinary Emerg Crit Care. 2004;14:183\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2004.04010.x.","journal-title":"J Veterinary Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR46","first-page":"74","volume":"84","author":"JS Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon JS, Kim S, Kang JH, Park J, Yu D. Alterations in serum protein electrophoresis profiles during the acute phase response in dogs with acute pancreatitis. Can J Vet Res. 2020;84(1):74\u20138. PMID: 31949331; PMCID: PMC6923814.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"5409_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105951","volume":"197","author":"ET Kanyorszky","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kanyorszky ET, Sterczer \u00c1, Balogh N, Szilasi A, Vad P, Manczur F. Effects of low vs high fat diet in dogs with Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Res Vet Sci. 2025;197:105951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105951. Epub 2025 Nov 4. PMID: 41202656.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-1-39","volume":"44","author":"HEV De Cock","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Cock HEV, Forman MA, Farver TB, Marks SL. Prevalence and Histopathologic Characteristics of Pancreatitis in Cats. Vet Pathol. 2007;44(1):39\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1354\/vp.44-1-39.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"5409_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klenner S, Bauer N, Moritz A. Evaluation of three automated human immunoturbidimetric assays for the detection of C-reactive protein in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010;22(4):544\u2009\u2013\u200952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063871002200408. PMID: 20622224.","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200408"},{"issue":"3","key":"5409_CR50","first-page":"175","volume":"67","author":"JM Steiner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steiner JM, Teague SR, Williams DA. Development and analytic validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in serum. Can J Vet Res. 2003;67(3):175\u201382. PMID: 12889722; PMCID: PMC227049.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3397-y","volume":"31","author":"F Tecles","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tecles F, Subiela SM, Petrucci G, Panizo CG, Cer\u00f3n JJ. Validation of a commercially available human immunoturbidimetric assay for haptoglobin determination in canine serum samples. Vet Res Commun. 2007;31(1):23\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-006-3397-y. Epub 2006 Dec 15. PMID: 17180450.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"5409_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.55027.2)","volume":"10","author":"LR Marusich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marusich LR, Bakdash JZ, rmcorrShiny:. A web and standalone application for repeated measures correlation. F1000Research. 2021;10:697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.55027.2).","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"5409_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0009","volume":"79","author":"T Sato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sato T, Ohno K, Tamamoto T, Oishi M, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Takahashi M, Tsujimoto H. Assessment of severity and changes in C-reactive protein concentration and various biomarkers in dogs with pancreatitis. J Vet Med Sci. 2017;79:35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.16-0009.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5409_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15895","volume":"34","author":"S Kuzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuzi S, Mazaki-Tovi M, Suchodolski JS, Rimer D, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Buono A, Nivy R, Segev G, Aroch I. Protease inhibitors, inflammatory markers, and their association with outcome in dogs with naturally occurring acute pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(5):1801\u201312. Epub 2020 Sep 7. PMID: 32893923; PMCID: PMC7517856.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"5409_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16218","volume":"35","author":"KM Keany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keany KM, Fosgate GT, Perry SM, Stroup ST, Steiner JM. Serum concentrations of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and C-reactive protein for monitoring disease progression in dogs with acute pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35:2187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16218.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"5409_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oberholtzer SM, Cook AK, Gomez R, Steiner JM. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in dogs with elevated serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;262(3):370\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.09.0533. PMID: 38041941.","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.09.0533"},{"issue":"2","key":"5409_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg142","volume":"74","author":"MA Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins MA, Berridge BR, Mills BJ, Schultze AE, Gao H, Searfoss GH, Baker TK, Ryan TP. Gene expression analysis of the acute phase response using a canine microarray. Toxicol Sci. 2003;74(2):470\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg142. Epub 2003 May 28. PMID: 12773757.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"5409_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yule TD, Roth MB, Dreier K, Johnson AF, Palmer-Densmore M, Simmons K, Fanton R. Canine parvovirus vaccine elicits protection from the inflammatory and clinical consequences of the disease. Vaccine. 1997 Apr-May;15(6\u20137):720\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0264-410x(96)00232-0. PMID: 9178474; PMCID: PMC7131570.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(96)00232-0"},{"issue":"8","key":"5409_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M027367","volume":"53","author":"M Holzer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holzer M, Wolf P, Curcic S, Birner-Gruenberger R, Weger W, Inzinger M, et al. Psoriasis alters HDL composition and cholesterol efflux capacity. J Lipid Res. 2012;53(8):1618\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M027367.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"5409_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01703","volume":"11","author":"J He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He J, Chan T, Hong X, Zheng F, Zhu C, Yin L, et al. Microbiome and metabolome analyses reveal the disruption of lipid metabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01703.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5409_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15537","volume":"33","author":"Z Milanovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milanovi\u0107 Z, Veki\u0107 J, Radonji\u0107 V, Ili\u0107 Bo\u017eovi\u0107 A, Zeljkovi\u0107 A, Janac J, Spasojevi\u0107-Kalimanovska V, Buch J, Chandrashekar R, Boji\u0107-Trbojevi\u0107 \u017d, Hajdukovi\u0107 L, Christopher MM, Kova\u010devi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107 M. Association of acute Babesia canis infection and serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:1686\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15537.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03630-3","volume":"19","author":"JJ Ceron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ceron JJ, Pardo-Marin L, Wdowiak A, Zoia A, Wochnik M, Szczubia\u0142 M, Bochniarz M, Tecles F, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, D\u0105browski R. Divergences between serum C-reactive protein and ferritin concentrations in canine pyometra. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19(1):78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-023-03630-3. PMID: 37344860; PMCID: PMC10283210.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5409_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782003000300019","volume":"33","author":"MM Kogika","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kogika MM, Pereira DA, Elias F, Notomi MK, Delayte EH, et al. Determination of serum haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and acid-alpha-glycoprotein in dogs with haemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Ci\u00eancia Rural Santa Maria. 2003;33:513\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0103-84782003000300019.","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural Santa Maria"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0833-2","volume":"12","author":"EM Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt EM, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martinez-Subiela S, Cer\u00f3n JJ, Eckersall PD. Changes in biochemical analytes in female dogs with subclinical Ancylostoma spp. infection. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12(1):203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-016-0833-2. PMID: 27623952; PMCID: PMC5022191.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5409_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2020.1780995","volume":"68","author":"E Gori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gori E, Pierini A, Lippi I, Ceccherini G, Perondi F, Marchetti V. Evaluation of C-reactive protein\/albumin ratio and its relationship with survival in dogs with acute pancreatitis. N Z Vet J. 2020;68(6):345\u20138. Epub 2020 Jul 7. PMID: 32539626.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"5409_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabretti AK, Siqueira RCS, Amaral HF, Kemper DAG, Chaves RO, Pereira PM. Determination of the reference interval of the C-reactive protein\/albumin ratio and its efficiency, CRP and albumin as prognostic markers in dogs SMALL ANIMAL DISEASES. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 2020;40(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-5150-PVB-6484.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-PVB-6484"},{"issue":"1","key":"5409_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18826-0","volume":"12","author":"J Olinder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olinder J, B\u00f6rjesson A, Norrman J, West T, Carlstr\u00f6m J, Gustafsson A, Annborn M, Herwald H, Ryd\u00e9n C. Hepcidin discriminates sepsis from other critical illness at admission to intensive care. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):14857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18826-0. PMID: 36050405; PMCID: PMC9434539.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5409_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arabul M, Celik M, Aslan O, Torun S, Beyazit Y, Alper E, Kandemir A, \u00dcnsal B. Hepcidin as a predictor of disease severity in acute pancreatitis: a single center prospective study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2013;60(123):595\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5754\/hge12770. PMID: 23665668.","DOI":"10.5754\/hge12770"},{"issue":"2","key":"5409_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12872","volume":"49","author":"Z Vizi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vizi Z, L\u00e1nyi K, Bagi M, Laczay P, Balogh N, Sterczer \u00c1. Serum hepcidin measurements in healthy dogs using liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry. Vet Clin Pathol. 2020;49(2):292\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.12872. Epub 2020 Jun 14. PMID: 32537798.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05409-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05409-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05409-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:43:00Z","timestamp":1781638980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05409-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05409-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Scientific Ethics Council of the Pest County Government Office for Animal Experiments and conducted under permit number PE\/EA\/129-7\/2019.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"238"}}