{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:43:00Z","timestamp":1790260980596,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beidahuang Group's Science and Technology Development Project"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University Support Program for introduced talent"},{"name":"Cooperative Innovation and Extension System for Heilongjiang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology of Pig"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05422-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:15:38Z","timestamp":1774325738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological investigation of PCV2 and PCV3 in three provinces of Northeast China in 2025"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingwei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhishuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0850-1","volume":"14","author":"V Neira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neira V, Ramos N, Tapia R, et al. Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 from pigs affected with PMWS in Chile reveals intergenotypic recombination. Virol J. 2017;14(1):191.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"5422_CR2","first-page":"153","volume":"226","author":"I Tischer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tischer I, Rasch R, Tochtermann G. Characterization of papovavirus and picornavirus like particles in permanent pig kidney cell lines. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A. 1974;226(2):153\u201367.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"5422_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-9-2171","volume":"79","author":"BM Meehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meehan BM, McNeilly F, Todd D, et al. Characterization of novel circovirus DNAs associated with wasting syndromes in pigs. J Gen Virol. 1998;79(Pt 9):2171\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0642-z","volume":"13","author":"TG Phan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phan TG, Giannitti F, Rossow S, et al. Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation. Virol J. 2016;13(1):184.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"5422_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13446","volume":"67","author":"HH Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang HH, Hu WQ, Li JY, et al. Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province. China Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(3):1057\u201361.","journal-title":"China Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5422_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-023-00814-1","volume":"34","author":"S Somashekara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Somashekara S, Ravishankar C, Ravindran R, et al. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 2 from Kerala, India. Virusdisease. 2023;34(2):331\u20138.","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"issue":"3","key":"5422_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.10.028","volume":"46","author":"SB Shang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shang SB, Jin YL, Jiang XT, et al. Fine mapping of antigenic epitopes on capsid proteins of porcine circovirus, and antigenic phenotype of porcine circovirus type 2. Mol Immunol. 2009;46(3):327\u201334.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5422_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208585","volume":"13","author":"G Franzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franzo G, Segal\u00e9s J. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) genotype update and proposal of a new genotyping methodology. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208585.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"5422_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13467","volume":"67","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Noll L, Lu N, et al. Genetic diversity and prevalence of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and type 2 (PCV2) in the Midwest of the USA during 2016-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(3):1284\u201394.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01053-w","volume":"53","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang D, Mai J, Yang Y, et al. Current knowledge on epidemiology and evolution of novel porcine circovirus 4. Vet Res. 2022;53(1):38.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04600-8","volume":"83","author":"LNH Pham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pham LNH, Dinh PX, Ngo TNT, et al. Genetic Characterization and Evidence of Capsid Epitope Variation in Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Strains from Vietnamese Swine with Reproductive Disorders. Curr Microbiol. 2025;83(1):8.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"5422_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12752","volume":"65","author":"X Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu X, Fang B, Ma J, et al. Insights into the epidemic characteristics and evolutionary history of the novel porcine circovirus type 3 in southern China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65:e296\u2013303.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127307","volume":"60","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Zhang J, Guo R, et al. Immunogenicity evaluation of a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing PCV2 and PCV3 capsid proteins in mice and piglets. Vaccine. 2025;60:127307.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR14","first-page":"e01879","volume":"91","author":"R Palinski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palinski R, Pi\u00f1eyro P, Shang P, et al. A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure. J Virol. 2016;91(1):e01879-e1916.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.01.018","volume":"187","author":"L Grau-Roma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grau-Roma L, Fraile L, Segal\u00e9s J. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and control of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2. Vet J. 2011;187(1):23\u201332.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"5422_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14185","volume":"68","author":"CY Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan CY, Lin CN, Ooi PT. What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68(6):2915\u201335.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8858447","volume":"2023","author":"S Pranoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pranoto S, Wu HC, Chu CY. Porcine Circovirus Type 3: Diagnostics, Genotyping, and Challenges in Vaccine Development. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2023;2023:8858447.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5422_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127303","volume":"60","author":"M Kroeger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kroeger M, Fano E, Sponheim A, et al. Assessment of homologous and heterologous PCV2 vaccine efficacy in a PCV2d\/PRRSV co-challenge model. Vaccine. 2025;60:127303.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"5422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.788172","volume":"8","author":"N Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li N, Liu J, Qi J, et al. Genetic Diversity and Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in China During 2000\u20132019. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:788172.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5422_CR20","first-page":"1548","volume":"66","author":"G Franzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Franzo G, Grassi L, Tucciarone CM, et al. A wild circulation: High presence of Porcine circovirus 3 in different mammalian wild hosts and ticks. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(4):1548\u201357.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197663","volume":"270","author":"W Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun W, Wang W, Xin J, et al. An epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus 3 infection in dogs in the Guangxi Province from 2015 to 2017. China Virus Res. 2019;270:197663.","journal-title":"China Virus Res"},{"key":"5422_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108522","volume":"240","author":"Z Ha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ha Z, Li JF, Xie CZ, et al. First detection and genomic characterization of porcine circovirus 3 in mosquitoes from pig farms in China. Vet Microbiol. 2020;240:108522.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01893-0","volume":"19","author":"X Ku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ku X, Zhang C, Li P, et al. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 in 15 provinces and municipalities of China between 2016 and 2020. Virol J. 2022;19(1):187.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2535472","volume":"16","author":"D Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang D, Zhou W, He Q, et al. Amino acid mutations of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid protein increase virus binding to host and evade immune responses: an evaluation of viral evolution. Virulence. 2025;16(1):2535472.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"39","key":"5422_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15221","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004823","volume":"293","author":"W Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu W, Zhan Y, Xue B, et al. Highly efficient cellular uptake of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) derived from the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(39):15221\u201332.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"5422_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02504-w","volume":"21","author":"K Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang K, Wang Z, Wang X, et al. Epidemiological investigation and analysis of the infection of porcine circovirus in Xinjiang. Virol J. 2024;21(1):230.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"5422_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5545806","volume":"2023","author":"C Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui C, Wang M, Zhang Q, et al. Investigating the genetic evolution of PCV2 and PCV3 across six swine herds in China from 2020 to 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2023;2023:5545806.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5422_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060777","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lu Y, Li D, et al. Development of a Triplex Real-Time PCR Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Circovirus 2, 3, and 4 in China Between 2023 and 2024. Viruses. 2025;17:777.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"22","key":"5422_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14126","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214126","volume":"23","author":"K Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu K, Hu W, Zhou B, et al. Immunogenicity and Immunoprotection of PCV2 Virus-like Particles Incorporating Dominant T and B Cell Antigenic Epitopes Paired with CD154 Molecules in Piglets and Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(22):14126.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"5422_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.11.018","volume":"164","author":"BR Trible","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trible BR, Rowland RR. Genetic variation of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and its relevance to vaccination, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Virus Res. 2012;164(1\u20132):68\u201377.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"5422_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.204","volume":"218","author":"W Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji W, Zhang X, Niu G, et al. Expression and immunogenicity analysis of the capsid proteins of porcine circovirus types 2 to 4. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;218:828\u201338.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5422_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092005","volume":"14","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo J, Hou L, Zhou J, et al. Porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines: commercial application and research advances. Viruses. 2022;14(9):2005.","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05422-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05422-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05422-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:53:43Z","timestamp":1777596823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05422-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05422-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The collection and handling of the samples were approved by the Animal Experiment Ethical Committee of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University (approval number: DWKJXY2023135) and the farm owner got our notification and informed consent to the collection of the samples has been taken.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"260"}}