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The emergence of resistant\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains poses a significant threat to poultry health and food safety, highlighting the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel lytic bacteriophage targeting\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      and to evaluate its biological properties and therapeutic potential in a gastrointestinal infection mice model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A lytic phage, designated S18-3, was isolated from environmental water using\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain HZW1 isolated from diseased broiler liver. Phage S18-3 forms clear plaques (~\u20090.6\u00a0cm) and exhibits an icosahedral head with a long tail. Optimal infectivity occurs at an MOI of 0.1. S18-3 remains stable from 30 to 50\u00a0\u00b0C and tolerates a broad pH range (pH 4\u201311). Whole-genome sequencing revealed no known virulence factors or antimicrobial resistance genes, indicating favorable genetic safety. In a murine intestinal infection model established by antibiotic pretreatment and oral challenge,\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      caused significant weight loss and mortality. Oral administration of S18-3 markedly improved survival and mitigated weight loss compared with infected controls. Phage S18-3 titers were detectable in feces in infection group, with only transient, low-level presence in blood. Histopathology showed no evident liver injury or inflammatory changes, suggesting no hepatotoxicity associated with phage treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phage S18-3 is a stable, genetically safe lytic phage that effectively alleviates intestinal\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in a murine model without observable adverse effects. These data support the potential of S18-3 as an antibiotic alternative for controlling\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in poultry. Further validation in broiler models and farm-level settings is warranted to assess translational applicability in sustainable poultry production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05451-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:57:59Z","timestamp":1776250679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization and therapeutic evaluation of a novel phage S18-3 targeting poultry-derived Enterobacter hormaechei infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiping","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningze","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixia","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0041621","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00416-21","volume":"9","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J, Wu H, Mei CY, Wang Y, Wang ZY, Lu MJ, Pan ZM, Jiao X. 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