{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:27:09Z","timestamp":1786591629273,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05554-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T08:16:22Z","timestamp":1779264982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological response of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to recombinant pro-hepcidin and its antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Gheisari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh Peyravii","family":"Ghadikolaii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahem","family":"Khoshbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poulin","family":"Shohreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hami","family":"Kaboosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00063-2","volume":"33","author":"P Aisen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aisen P, Enns C, Wessling-Resnick M. Chemistry and biology of eukaryotic iron metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2001;33:940\u201359.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"5554_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121586","volume":"12","author":"CA \u00c1lvarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez CA, Santana PA, Salinas-Parra N, Beltr\u00e1n D, Guzm\u00e1n F, Vega B, et al. Immune modulation ability of hepcidin from teleost fish. Animals Basel. 2022;12:1586.","journal-title":"Animals Basel"},{"key":"5554_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03942-y","volume":"20","author":"HF Ayoub","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayoub HF, Khafagy AR, Esawy AM, El-Moaty NA, Alwutayd KM, Mansour AT, et al. Phenotypic, molecular detection, and antibiotic resistance profile (MDR and XDR) of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farmed Tilapia zillii and Mugil cephalus. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20:84.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5554_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754437","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.754437","volume":"12","author":"C Barroso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barroso C, Carvalho P, Nunes M, Gon\u00e7alves JF, Rodrigues PN, Neves JV. The era of antimicrobial peptides: use of hepcidins to prevent or treat bacterial infections and iron disorders. Front Immunol. 2021;12:754437.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5554_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2011.10.006","volume":"161","author":"L Cai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cai L, Cai J-J, Liu H-P, Fan D-Q, Peng H, Wang K-J. Recombinant medaka (Oryzias melastigmus) pro-hepcidin: multifunctional characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 2012;161:140\u20137.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B"},{"key":"5554_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740592","volume":"583","author":"L Cervera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cervera L, Arizcun M, Mercado L, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Hepcidin and dicentracin peptides show preventive antiviral applications against NNV infection in European sea bass through immunomodulatory roles. Aquaculture. 2024;583:740592.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"5554_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-014-9996-6","volume":"41","author":"JR Chi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chi JR, Liao LS, Wang RG, Jhu CS, Wu JL, Hu SY. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the hepcidin gene from the convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) and its expression pattern in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2015;41(2):449\u201361.","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"5554_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2024-0066","volume":"25","author":"DE Esfahani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esfahani DE, Ahmadifar M, Ebrahimi P, Ahmadifar E, Shohreh P, Adineh H, et al. Dietary administration of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum reduces whole body oxidative stress and increases immune response, digestive enzyme, growth performance and resistance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Ann Anim Sci. 2025;25(1):305\u201315.","journal-title":"Ann Anim Sci"},{"key":"5554_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.110003","volume":"155","author":"JH Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao JH, Zhao JL, Guo NX, Tola T, Xue WB, Cai KN, et al. Hepcidin defense patterns in intestine of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2024;155:10.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"5554_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-023-10505-6","volume":"29","author":"A Hussain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain A, Sachan SG. Fish epidermal mucus as a source of diverse therapeutical compounds. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2023;29:36.","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"key":"5554_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12152","volume":"17","author":"S Jennings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jennings S, Stentiford GD, Leocadio AM, Jeffery KR, Metcalfe JD, Katsiadaki I, et al. Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries, aquaculture, food safety, human health, fish and human welfare, economy and environment. Fish Fish. 2016;17:893\u2013938.","journal-title":"Fish Fish"},{"key":"5554_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalbassi MR, Shirdel I, Hosseinkhani S. Recombinant production of Caspian trout (Salmo caspius) hepcidin in Escherichia coli and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci. 2024;25:TRJFAS26500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4194\/TRJFAS26500.","DOI":"10.4194\/TRJFAS26500"},{"issue":"3","key":"5554_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2015.03.003","volume":"18","author":"F Ke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ke F, Wang Y, Yang CS, Xu C. Molecular cloning and antibacterial activity of hepcidin from Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). Electron J Biotechnol. 2015;18(3):169\u201374.","journal-title":"Electron J Biotechnol"},{"key":"5554_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.11.059","volume":"6","author":"A Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar A, Pal D. Antibiotic resistance and wastewater: correlation, impact and critical human health challenges. J Environ Chem Eng. 2018;6:52\u20138.","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"5554_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013 \u0394\u0394CT method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402\u20138.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"5554_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734218","volume":"511","author":"A Mohapatra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohapatra A, Dixit A, Garg LC, Sahoo PK. Hepcidin gene of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita: molecular, structural and functional characterization, and antibacterial activity of recombinant hepcidin. Aquaculture. 2019;511:734218.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"5554_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2024-0043","volume":"24","author":"S Mousavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mousavi S, Mohammadzadeh S, Mood SM, Ahmadifar E, Sheikhzadeh N, Kalhor N, et al. Dietary artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract ameliorated the growth performance, humoral immune parameters and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Ann Anim Sci. 2024;24:1223\u201335.","journal-title":"Ann Anim Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5554_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050532","volume":"10","author":"DT Nhinh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nhinh DT, Le DV, Van KV, Huong Giang NT, Dang LT, Hoai TD. Prevalence, virulence gene distribution and alarming the multidrug resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila associated with disease outbreaks in freshwater aquaculture. Antibiotics Basel. 2021;10(5):532.","journal-title":"Antibiotics Basel"},{"key":"5554_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109187","volume":"143","author":"K Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan K, Xu H, Yan C, Chen J, Jiang X, Song Y, et al. Hepcidin from Onychostoma macrolepis: response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection by down-regulating expression of inflammatory factor genes and regulating iron homeostasis. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2023;143:10.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"5554_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108872","volume":"139","author":"D Qiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiao D, Yan Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Zhao X, Jiang X, et al. Characterization of hepcidin gene and protection of recombinant hepcidin supplemented in feed against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2023;139:10.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5554_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.120600","volume":"77","author":"H Qu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qu H, Chen B, Peng H, Wang K. Molecular cloning, recombinant expression, and antimicrobial activity of EC-hepcidin3, a new four-cysteine hepcidin isoform from Epinephelus coioides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2013;77(1):103\u201310.","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"5554_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073060","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1073060","volume":"9","author":"JA Serna-Duque","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serna-Duque JA, Espinosa Ruiz C, Mart\u00ednez Lopez S, S\u00e1nchez-Ferrer \u00c1, Esteban M\u00c1. Immunometabolic involvement of hepcidin genes in iron homeostasis, storage, and regulation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Front Mar Sci. 2022;9:1073060.","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"5554_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2002.02881.x","volume":"269","author":"H Shike","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shike H, Lauth X, Westerman ME, Ostland VE, Carlberg JM, Van Olst JC, et al. Bass hepcidin is a novel antimicrobial peptide induced by bacterial challenge. Eur J Biochem. 2002;269:2232\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"5554_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.05.010","volume":"90","author":"I Shirdel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shirdel I, Kalbassi MR, Hosseinkhani S, Paknejad H, Wink M. Cloning, characterization and tissue-specific expression of the antimicrobial peptide hepcidin from Caspian trout (Salmo caspius) and the antibacterial activity of the synthetic peptide. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019;90:288\u201396.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"5554_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.02.014","volume":"412","author":"B Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh B, Arora S, Agrawal P, Gupta S. Hepcidin: a novel peptide hormone regulating iron metabolism. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:823\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"5554_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-021-04008-9","volume":"89","author":"T Singhal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singhal T. Antimicrobial resistance: the \u2018other\u2019 pandemic! Indian J Pediatr. 2022;89:600\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5554_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8738181","DOI":"10.1155\/are\/8738181","volume":"2025","author":"W Tong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tong W, Li Y, Wu Z, Hu M, Weng X, Zheng S. Effects of antibiotics on enzyme activity and intestinal microorganisms of Opsariichthys bidens. Aquac Res. 2025;2025(1):8738181.","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"5554_CR28","first-page":"277","volume":"40","author":"CL Ventola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Ther. 2015;40:277.","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"5554_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.12.014","volume":"30","author":"KJ Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang KJ, Cai JJ, Cai L, Qu HD, Yang M, Zhang M. Cloning and expression of a hepcidin gene from a marine fish (Pseudosciaena crocea) and the antimicrobial activity of its synthetic peptide. Peptides. 2009;30(4):638\u201346.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"5554_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.01.007","volume":"94","author":"J Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie J, Obiefuna V, Hodgkinson JW, McAllister M, Belosevic M. Teleost antimicrobial peptide hepcidin contributes to host defense of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) against Trypanosoma carassii. Dev Comp Immunol. 2019;94:11\u20135.","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"5554_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.015","volume":"127","author":"M Yousefi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yousefi M, Ahmadifar M, Mohammadzadeh S, Kalhor N, Esfahani DE, Bagheri A, et al. Individual and combined effects of the dietary Spirulina platensis and Bacillus licheniformis supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, innate immunity, relative gene expression and resistance of goldfish, Carassius auratus to Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2022;127:1070\u20138.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5554_CR32","first-page":"49","volume":"7","author":"S Yousefi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yousefi S, Hoseinifar SH, Hajimoradloo A, Kolangi Miandare H. The effects of different levels of dietary prebiotic on growth performance and some non-specific immune parameters in zebra fish (Danio rerio). J Aquat Ecol. 2017;7(2):49\u201358.","journal-title":"J Aquat Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5554_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e","volume":"45","author":"JM Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang JM, An J. Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;45(2):27\u201337.","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"5554_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9251","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119251","volume":"24","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Du X, Cao Z, Wu Y, et al. Antibacterial activity and mechanisms of TroHepc2-22, a derived peptide of hepcidin2 from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:9251.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05554-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05554-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05554-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T02:39:40Z","timestamp":1786588780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05554-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05554-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experimental procedures were approved by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran. All applicable institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"469"}}