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This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance profile, and presence of the Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin (\n                      <jats:italic>pvl<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) virulence gene of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Egyptian fruit bats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty Egyptian fruit bats were captured using mist nets at both foraging and roosting sites and morphologically identified. A total of 150 samples (intestinal contents, oral swabs, and skin swabs) were collected for bacteriological examination.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were confirmed by Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. Genomic DNA was extracted for molecular identification using PCR targeting the 16S rRNA and\n                      <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method. PCR was additionally used to screen for methicillin resistance genes (\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>mecC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and the\n                      <jats:italic>pvl<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence gene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At the sample level, 67 of 150 samples (44.7%) were confirmed as\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while 42 of 50 bats (84.0%) tested positive at the bat level. The highest prevalence was observed in skin swabs (56.0%), followed by intestinal contents (40.0%) and oral swabs (38.0%). Eighteen isolates (26.9%) were classified as MRSA, and five isolates (7.5%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), all of which were also MRSA. PCR analysis detected the\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in 7 of the 18 (38.9%) MRSA isolates, while the\n                      <jats:italic>mecC<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was not detected in any sample (0.0%). The\n                      <jats:italic>pvl<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was identified in 6 of 67 isolates (9.0%). MRSA isolates exhibited diverse antimicrobial resistance patterns, with 61.1% demonstrating a multiple antimicrobial resistance index (MARI) value \u2265 0.2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides evidence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage in Egyptian fruit bats, including MRSA and PVL-positive isolates, some of which were multidrug-resistant. These findings suggest that bats may serve as ecological carriers of antimicrobial-resistant and virulent bacteria, highlighting the importance of wildlife surveillance within a One Health framework.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05591-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:24:52Z","timestamp":1780554292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA and PVL-positive isolates, in Egyptian fruit bats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Toka A.","family":"Allam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Abdel-Kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Kadry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker ML, Schountz T. 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