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During 2022-2023, a significant outbreak involving DHV-1 and DHV-3 was reported in duck farms across five governorates in North Egypt. The outbreaks primarily affected Pekin ducklings aged 4\u201315 days, with mortality rates ranging from 50% to 70%. Affected ducklings exhibited characteristic pathological lesions, including hepatomegaly with haemorrhages, splenomegaly, and renal enlargement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 30 liver and spleen samples collected from affected farms were analysed using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the 3\u2032 untranslated region (3\u2032UTR) and the VP1 gene. DHV was detected in 56.7% (17\/30) of the samples. Among the positive cases (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917), DHV-1 was identified in 29.4% (5\/17), whereas DHV-3 accounted for 70.6% (12\/17). Phylogenetic analysis based on whole-genome sequencing revealed that DHV-1 strains clustered within sub-clade 1a, demonstrating high genetic similarity (99.2\u201399.8%) with previously reported Egyptian isolates and Chinese reference strains (e.g., DHAV-1-CH-2012). In contrast, DHV-3 strains grouped within sub-clade 3a and showed close genetic relatedness to Chinese strains (97.1\u201398.7%), while showing marked divergence (75.9\u201376.3% nucleotide identity) from currently used vaccine strains. Genetic analysis identified multiple mutations in both viral types. DHV-1 exhibited amino acid substitutions within VP0, VP3, and non-structural protein regions, alongside five mutations in hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and one mutation in HVR2 of the VP1. DHV-3 demonstrated distinct mutations within the VP1, including a unique E681K substitution identified in the Egyptian strain ND3.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings demonstrate ongoing genetic evolution of DHV circulating in Egyptian duck farms, characterized by the predominance of genetically distinct DHAV-3 strains, with significant divergence from currently used vaccine strains. This genetic divergence may contribute to altered vaccine performance and continued disease outbreaks; however, its impact on vaccine-induced protection requires further experimental validation. Continuous genomic surveillance and the development of updated, strain-matched or multivalent vaccines are therefore essential to control DHV infections and minimise economic losses in Egypt\u2019s duck industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05607-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:45:45Z","timestamp":1780677945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complete genome sequencing and evolutionary analyses of duck hepatitis a viruses in Egyptian duck farms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nahed","family":"Yehia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"AbdelSabour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania F.","family":"El Naggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahia M.","family":"Madbouly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Abd Elhalem","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Salaheldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Rohaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"5607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.09.007","volume":"123","author":"CH Tseng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tseng CH, Knowles NJ, Tsai HJ. 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Microb Pathog. 2024;197:107018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107018.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05607-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05607-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05607-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:17:37Z","timestamp":1780978657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05607-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05607-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The sampling was conducted as part of official diagnostic and outbreak investigation activities coordinated through the Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt. All farms were informed about the purpose of sampling, the type of specimens collected, and the intended research use of the data. Written or documented verbal consent was obtained from each farm owner before collecting liver and spleen tissues from deceased ducklings. No experimental infections were performed, and no live animals were euthanized specifically for research purposes. All samples were collected from naturally deceased birds during field outbreaks. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the AHRI Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments (2022), under the regulations governing veterinary diagnostic and research activities within the Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"337"}}