{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:28:02Z","timestamp":1786681682887,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund","award":["MAKRIF\/DVCFA\/026\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAKRIF\/DVCFA\/026\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05608-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:34:54Z","timestamp":1780554894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional, antinutritional, and heavy metal profiles of ethnopoultry botanicals in Central Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Nabatanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Nakatoogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5608_CR1","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Abstract 2024. Kampala, Uganda: UBOS; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/The-Annual-Statistical-Abstract-2024.pdf."},{"key":"5608_CR2","unstructured":"Kugonza D, Kyarisiima C, Iisa A. Indigenous chicken flocks of Eastern Uganda: I. Productivity, management and strategies for better performance. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2008;20(9):137. A detailed, online-optimized version including the URL is: Kugonza D, et al. Livest Res Rural Dev [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2026 Jun 3];20(9):Article 137. Available from: http:\/\/www.lrrd.org\/lrrd20\/9\/kugo20137.htm."},{"key":"5608_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9366-z","volume":"41","author":"M Mwale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mwale M, Masika PJ. Ethno-veterinary control of parasites, management and role of village chickens in rural households of Centane district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod United States. 2009;41:1685\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-009-9366-z.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod United States"},{"key":"5608_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabatanzi A, Obakiro SB, Walusansa A, Cissy N, Anywar G. Knowledge and practices of traditional treatment of chicken diseases using medicinal plants by indigenous communities in Najjembe sub-county, Buikwe district central Uganda. BMC Vet Res [Internet]. 2025 Oct 2 [cited 2026 Jun 3];21:551. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-025-05008-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05008-z"},{"key":"5608_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Angelova V. Phytoremediation potential of enhanced tobacco in soil contaminated with heavy metals. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31410\/itema.2018.1049.","DOI":"10.31410\/itema.2018.1049"},{"key":"5608_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T\u0103nase Apetroaei V, Pricop EM, Istrati DI, Vizireanu C. Hemp Seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Valuable Source of Natural Ingredients for Functional Foods-A Review. Molecules Switz. 2024;29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29092097.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092097"},{"key":"5608_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104117","volume":"103","author":"Y Sopian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sopian Y, Sartsook A, Arjin C, Lumsangkul C, Sringarm K, Sivapirunthep P, et al. Dietary supplementation of Cannabis sativa residues in broiler chickens affects performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology, blood biochemistry profile and oxidative stability. Poult Sci . 2024;103:104117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104117.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5608_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.599474","author":"Y Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian Y, Liu X, Fan C, Li T, Qin H, Li X, et al. Enhancement of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Seed Lipid Content for Biodiesel Production by CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Knockout of NtAn1. Front Plant Sci . 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2020.599474. ;11.","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"5608_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01091724","volume":"38","author":"M Parameswaran","year":"1988","unstructured":"Parameswaran M, Parmar SR, Prajapati KS, Chakraborty MK. Nutritional and biological evaluation of tobacco leaf protein concentrate. Plant Foods Hum Nutr Neth. 1988;38:269\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01091724.","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr Neth"},{"key":"5608_CR10","unstructured":"Al-snafi AE. Pharmacological and toxicological effects of Nicotiana tabacum. 2022;03:6\u201318."},{"key":"5608_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lozada-Ortiz JP, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Torres OP, Guerrero-L\u00f3pez JR. Assessment of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum) as an Additive for the Prevention of Coccidiosis. Am J Anim Vet Sci. 2022;17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3844\/ajavsp.2022.97.100.","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2022.97.100"},{"key":"5608_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-8741(99)00032-x","volume":"68","author":"MM Mtambo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mtambo MM, Mushi EJ, Kinabo LD, Maeda-Machang\u2019u A, Mwamengele GL, Yongolo MG, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extracts of Capsicum frutescens, Citrus limon and Opuntia vulgaris against Newcastle disease in domestic fowl in Tanzania. J Ethnopharmacol Irel. 1999;68:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-8741(99)00032-x.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol Irel"},{"key":"5608_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2021.15468","volume":"17","author":"P Sebulime","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sebulime P, Ocaido M, Okello S. Phytochemical composition of Capsicum frutescens and its effect on body weight and carcass yield of Cobb500 broilers. Afr J Agric Res. 2021;17:869\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJAR2021.15468.","journal-title":"Afr J Agric Res"},{"key":"5608_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumari VV, Banerjee P, Verma VC, Sukumaran S, Chandran MAS, Gopinath KA, et al. Plant Nutrition: An Effective Way to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Crops. Int J Mol Sci Switz. 2022;23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23158519.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158519"},{"key":"5608_CR15","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL","author":"AOAC INTERNATIONAL","year":"2023","unstructured":"AOAC InternationaL. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 22nd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International; 2023.","edition":"22"},{"key":"5608_CR16","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL","author":"AOAC INTERNATIONAL","year":"2019","unstructured":"AOAC International. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 21st ed. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International; 2019.","edition":"21"},{"key":"5608_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00332-1","volume":"163","author":"CW Choi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Choi CW, Kim SC, Hwang SS, Choi BK, Ahn HJ, Lee MY, et al. Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison. Plant Sci . 2002;163:1161\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00332-1.","journal-title":"Plant Sci"},{"key":"5608_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740290908","volume":"29","author":"RB Broadhurst","year":"1978","unstructured":"Broadhurst RB, Jones WT. Analysis of condensed tannins using acidified vanillin. J Sci Food Agric . 1978;29:788\u201394. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:84192735.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"5608_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4853-9_7","volume":"459","author":"MB Reddy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reddy MB, Love M. The impact of food processing on the nutritional quality of vitamins and minerals. Adv Exp Med Biol United States. 1999;459:99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-4853-9_7.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol United States"},{"key":"5608_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1039\/an9527700340","volume":"77","author":"CJL Baker","year":"1952","unstructured":"Baker CJL. The determination of oxalates in fresh plant material. Analyst. 1952;77:340\u20134.","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"5608_CR21","volume-title":"Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). (Report No. EPA\/540\/1\u201389\/002)","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1989","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). (Report No. EPA\/540\/1\u201389\/002). Washington, DC.: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.; 1989."},{"key":"5608_CR22","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures (EPA\/630\/R-00\/002). Washington, DC. 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/www.epa.gov."},{"key":"5608_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Seventy-third report of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2011. pps.who.int."},{"key":"5608_CR24","first-page":"10","volume":"140","author":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union","year":"2002","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union. Directive 2002\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed. Eur Union : Official J Eur Communities (or OJ L. 2002;140:10\u201322. L 140. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu.","journal-title":"[Internet] Eur Union : Official J Eur Communities (or OJ L"},{"key":"5608_CR25","unstructured":"European Commission. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021\/1317 of 9 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006 as regards maximum levels of lead in certain foodstuffs. 1317 Europian Union.: Official Journal of the European Union. 2021 p. 1\u20134. L 286. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2021\/1317\/oj."},{"key":"5608_CR26","unstructured":"European Commission. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021\/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) 1881\/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs. Eur Union: Official J Eur Union; 2021 p. 1\u201310. L 288. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2021\/1323\/oj."},{"key":"5608_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingori AM, Tuitoek JK, Muiruri HK, Wachira AM. Protein requirements of growing indigenous chickens during the 14\u201321 weeks growing period. 2003;33:78\u201382.","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v33i2.3759"},{"key":"5608_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2016.407.413","volume":"15","author":"M Radikara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Radikara M, Moreki J, Mareko M, Kgwatalala P. Effect of Feeding Commercial Broiler Diets on Growth Performance of Tswana and Orpington Chickens Reared upto 18 Weeks of Age Under Intensive System. Int J Poult Sci. 2016;15:407\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/ijps.2016.407.413.","journal-title":"Int J Poult Sci"},{"key":"5608_CR29","first-page":"179","volume":"6","author":"FR Khan, Durrani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khan, Durrani FR, Chand N, Anwar H, Farooqi FA, Manzoor MN. Effect of Cannabis Sativa fortified feed on muscle growth and visceral organs in broiler chicks. Int J Biol Biotechnol. 2009;6:179\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5608_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sopian Y, Sahatsanon K, Satsook A, Arjin C, Sringarm K, Lumsangkul C, et al. Effect of Dietary Cannabis sativa L. Residue Supplementation on Meat Quality and Flavor-Enhancing Free Amino Acids in Broiler Chickens. Anim. 2025;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15050759.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050759"},{"key":"5608_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.51791\/njap.v3i1.2592","volume":"3","author":"J Olomu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olomu J. Determination of Optimum Protein and Energy Levels for Broiler Chicks in the Tropics. Niger J Anim Prod. 2021;3:177\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51791\/njap.v3i1.2592.","journal-title":"Niger J Anim Prod"},{"key":"5608_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00048","volume":"6","author":"R Jha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jha R, Fouhse JM, Tiwari UP, Li L, Willing BP. Dietary Fiber and Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals. Front Vet Sci Switz. 2019;6:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2019.00048.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci Switz"},{"key":"5608_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ajdfr.DR-1948","author":"R Kavitha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kavitha R, Chinnamani V, Raman K, Vijayarani K, Amutha R. Effect of Two Different Phytobiotic Mixtures on Production Performance and Gut Health in Broilers. Asian J Dairy Food Res. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18805\/ajdfr.DR-1948.","journal-title":"Asian J Dairy Food Res"},{"key":"5608_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabatanzi A, Plants consumed by pregnant women and, school-agE. 2022;22:21990\u20132016.","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.115.20925"},{"key":"5608_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105055","volume":"104","author":"LF Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng LF, Zhang QQ, Zhao WY, Chang C, Wang X, Yan ZX, et al. Dietary calcium and non-phytate phosphorus levels affect performance, follicular development, and egg quality of native chicken at peak laying period. Poult Sci . 2025;104:105055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105055.","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"5608_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.5455\/JBAU.178905","volume":"21","author":"S DRISTY","year":"2023","unstructured":"DRISTY S, AUYON S, Usha K, Khatun R, Islam M. Soil Fertility Status of Major Tobacco Growing Lands of Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Agric Univ. 2023;21:509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/JBAU.178905.","journal-title":"J Bangladesh Agric Univ"},{"key":"5608_CR37","unstructured":"Iradukunda A, Proshad R. A Review on Cadmium Contamination in Soil and Bioaccumulation by Tobacco, its Source, Toxicity and Health Risk. 2021."},{"key":"5608_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2018.1556589","volume":"21","author":"H Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu H, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yang J, Liu J, et al. Comparison of heavy metal accumulation and cadmium phytoextraction rates among ten leading tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars in China. Int J Phytorem. 2019;21:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15226514.2018.1556589.","journal-title":"Int J Phytorem"},{"key":"5608_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.11.088","volume":"101","author":"MF de Sousa","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Sousa MF, Guimar\u00e3es RM, Ara\u00fajo M, de O, Barcelos KR, Carneiro NS, Lima DS, et al. Characterization of corn (Zea mays L.) bran as a new food ingredient for snack bars. LWT . 2019;101:812\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.11.088.","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"5608_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4038\/jas.v15i1.8671","volume":"15","author":"RM Rathnayaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rathnayaka RM, Mutucumarana R, Andrew M. Free-choice Feeding of Three Different Dietary Calcium Sources and their Influence on Egg Quality Parameters of Commercial Layers. J Agric Sci \u2013 Sri Lanka. 2020;15:50\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/jas.v15i1.8671.","journal-title":"J Agric Sci \u2013 Sri Lanka"},{"key":"5608_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9395-7","volume":"42","author":"H Mekonnen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mekonnen H, Mulatu D, Belihu K, Berhan T. Assessment of the nutritional status of indigenous scavenging chickens in Ada\u2019a district, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2009;42:123\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-009-9395-7.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"5608_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinotti L, Manoni M, Ferrari L, Tretola M, Cazzola R, Givens I. The Contribution of Dietary Magnesium in Farm Animals and Human Nutrition. Nutrients Switz. 2021;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13020509.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020509"},{"key":"5608_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feijo JC, Vieira SL, Horn RM, Altevogt WE, Tormes G. Iron requirements of broiler chickens as affected by supplemental phytase. J Anim Sci United States. 2023;101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skad265.","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad265"},{"key":"5608_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osman M. Using Vitamin C with Iron: Enhancing Absorption and Other Benefits. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.16312.87044.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.16312.87044"},{"key":"5608_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9098(25)01339-6","volume":"59","author":"C Lauridsen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lauridsen C, Jensen JF. Effects of synthetic antioxidants in feed of different technological treatments on the performance of broilers. Eur Poult Sci . 1995;59:73\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-9098(25)01339-6.","journal-title":"Eur Poult Sci"},{"key":"5608_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16040057","volume":"16","author":"P Marini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marini P, Maccarrone M, Saso L, Tucci P. The Effect of Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoids on Nrf2 Activity in the Central Nervous System and Periphery. Neurol Int Switz. 2024;16:776\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint16040057.","journal-title":"Neurol Int Switz"},{"key":"5608_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khatoon A. Heat stress in poultry and the beneficial effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation during periods of heat stress. Worlds Poult Sci J. 2013;69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043933913000123.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933913000123"},{"key":"5608_CR48","unstructured":"Ahmadu S, Buhari H, Auwal A. An overview of vitamin c as an antistress. 2016;9\u201322."},{"key":"5608_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bekunda M, Nkonya E, Mugendi D, Msaky J. Soil fertility Status, Management, and Research in East Africa. East Afr J Rural Dev. 2002;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/eajrd.v20i1.28362.","DOI":"10.4314\/eajrd.v20i1.28362"},{"key":"5608_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02183802","volume":"66","author":"A Sarkar","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sarkar A, Wynjones R. Effect of rhizosphere pH on the availability and uptake of Fe, Mn and Zn. Plant Soil. 1982;66:361\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02183802.","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"5608_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(21)60077-2","volume":"32","author":"D LU","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu D, Dong Y, Chen X, Wang H, Zhou J. Comparison of potential potassium leaching associated with organic and inorganic potassium sources in different arable soils in China. Pedosphere. 2022;32:330\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1002-0160(21)60077-2.","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"5608_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2015.1033539","volume":"46","author":"V Antoniadis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antoniadis V, Koutroubas S. Phosphorus Availability in Low-P and Acidic Soils as Affected by Liming and P Addition. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2015;46:1288\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00103624.2015.1033539.","journal-title":"Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal"},{"key":"5608_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.12912\/27197050\/191953","volume":"25","author":"N Kartini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kartini N, Saifulloh M, Trigunasih N, Sukmawati N, Mega I. Impact of Long-Term Continuous Cropping on Soil Nutrient Depletion. Ecol Eng Environ Technol. 2024;25:18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12912\/27197050\/191953.","journal-title":"Ecol Eng Environ Technol"},{"key":"5608_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biratu G, Elias E, Ntawuruhunga P, Nhamo N. Effect of Chicken Manure Application on Cassava Biomass and Root Yields in Two Agro-Ecologies of Zambia. Agriculture. 2018;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture8040045.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture8040045"},{"key":"5608_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi J, Kim WK. Dietary Application of Tannins as a Potential Mitigation Strategy for Current Challenges in Poultry Production: A Review. Anim an open access J from MDPI. Switzerland; 2020;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10122389.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122389"},{"key":"5608_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broch J, Savaris VDL, Wachholz L, Cirilo EH, Tesser GLS, Pacheco WJ. Influence of phytate and phytase on performance, bone, and blood parameters of broilers at 42 days old. 2021;51.","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v51i2.3"},{"key":"5608_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-008-0160-6","volume":"37","author":"MH Khaskhali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khaskhali MH, Byer KJ, Khan SR. The effect of calcium on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal-induced renal epithelial injury. Urol Res Ger. 2009;37:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-008-0160-6.","journal-title":"Urol Res Ger"},{"key":"5608_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00431-3","volume":"36","author":"K Kozak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kozak K, Antosiewicz DM. Tobacco as an efficient metal accumulator. Biometals an Int J role Met ions Biol Biochem Med. Netherlands. 2023;36:351\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10534-022-00431-3.","journal-title":"Netherlands"},{"key":"5608_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.5513\/JCEA01\/20.2.2201","volume":"20","author":"M \u0106a\u0107i\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0106a\u0107i\u0107 M, Per\u010din A, Zgorelec Z, Ivica K. Evaluation of heavy metals accumulation potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L). J Cent Eur Agric. 2019;20:700\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5513\/JCEA01\/20.2.2201.","journal-title":"J Cent Eur Agric"},{"key":"5608_CR60","first-page":"21","volume":"82","author":"L Piano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Piano L, Abet M, Sorrentino C, Barbato L, Sicignano M, Cozzolino E, et al. Uptake and distribution of lead in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L). J Appl Bot Food Qual. 2008;82:21\u20135.","journal-title":"J Appl Bot Food Qual"},{"key":"5608_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.112","volume":"169","author":"M Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang M, Duan S, Zhou Z, Chen S. Alleviation of cadmium toxicity to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by biofertilizers involves the changes of soil aggregates and bacterial communities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Neth. 2019;169:240\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.112.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Neth"},{"key":"5608_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161354","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1161354","volume":"10","author":"ASM Aljohani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aljohani ASM. Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review. Front Vet Sci Switz. 2023;10:1161354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1161354.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci Switz"},{"key":"5608_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choong G, Liu Y, Templeton D. Interplay of Calcium and Cadmium in Mediating Cadmium Toxicity. Chem Biol Interact. 2014;211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.01.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.01.007"},{"key":"5608_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.04.130","volume":"141","author":"B Israr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Israr B, Frazier R, Gordon M. Effects of phytate and minerals on the bioavailability of oxalate from food. Food Chem. 2013;141:1690\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.04.130.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"5608_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lola A. The Effect of Boiling on the Nutrients and Anti-Nutrients in Two non Conventional Vegetables. Pakistan J Nutr. 2009;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/pjn.2009.1430.1433.","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2009.1430.1433"},{"key":"5608_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-0978-y","volume":"52","author":"RK Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta RK, Gangoliya SS, Singh NK. Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains. J Food Sci Technol India. 2015;52:676\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13197-013-0978-y.","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol India"},{"key":"5608_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Predescu NC, Stefan G, Rosu MP, Papuc C. Fermented Feed in Broiler Diets Reduces the Antinutritional Factors, Improves Productive Performances and Modulates Gut Microbiome\u2014A. Rev Agric . 2024;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture14101752.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14101752"},{"key":"5608_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s44279-025-00285-6","volume":"3","author":"E Boahen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boahen E. Farmer awareness of heavy metal contamination in urban roadside vegetables along the Accra\u2013Tema motorway, Ghana. Discov Agric . 2025;3:177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44279-025-00285-6.","journal-title":"Discov Agric"},{"key":"5608_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahida D, Makwana V, Singh Sankhla M, Patel A, Dodia P. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Roadside Plants and Their Role in Phytoremediation. 2023. pp. 119\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-41013-0_6.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41013-0_6"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05608-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05608-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05608-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T03:45:21Z","timestamp":1786679121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05608-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05608-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research and Ethics review board (MAKSHSREC-2020-74). Permission to access Najjembe sub-county for plant collection was granted by the local area administration.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"473"}}