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This study evaluated the echocardiographic effects of intravenous medetomidine, butorphanol, and their combination in clinically healthy donkeys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty donkeys were randomly assigned to four groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915\/group) to receive intravenous saline (control group, CG), medetomidine group (10\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg, MG), butorphanol group (50\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg, BG), or medetomidine\u2013butorphanol group (10\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\u2009+\u200950\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg, MBG). Butorphanol was administered 5\u00a0min after medetomidine in the MBG. M-mode echocardiography was performed from a right parasternal short-axis view at baseline and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120\u00a0min after treatment. Left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), interventricular septal thickness (IVST), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW) were measured at end-diastole (d) and end-systole (s). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF%), and fractional shortening (FS%) were calculated. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures general linear model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medetomidine alone was associated with significant reductions in EF% and FS%, together with significant changes in LVIDs and LVIDd. SV was also significantly lower in the medetomidine group than in the control group during the main post-treatment period; however, SV and the calculated LV volumes were interpreted cautiously because they are load-dependent variables derived from linear M-mode measurements. These changes were accompanied by an increase in LVIDs and a reduction in IVSs, indicating transient depression of conventional left ventricular systolic indices and altered loading conditions. Butorphanol alone produced only minor, parameter-specific changes in LVID, IVST, and most echocardiographic indices, with no consistent clinically relevant deterioration compared with baseline or the CG. In contrast, the MBG showed marked changes in ventricular dimensions and calculated indices from 15 to 60\u00a0min; however, these findings were interpreted cautiously because the calculated systolic indices are load-dependent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous medetomidine, butorphanol, and their combination exert distinct and protocol-dependent effects on left ventricular dimensions and systolic function in donkeys. Medetomidine alone substantially and transiently depresses systolic performance, whereas butorphanol alone is comparatively cardiovascular-sparing. The medetomidine\u2013butorphanol combination may be considered for standing sedation in clinically healthy donkeys; however, its echocardiographic effects should be interpreted cautiously as load-dependent changes, and cardiovascular monitoring remains advisable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05678-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:46:28Z","timestamp":1783158388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Echocardiographic effects of medetomidine, butorphanol, and their combination in donkeys"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2749-2693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa","family":"Abass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmy K.","family":"Elnafarawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alshimaa M.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091611","volume":"10","author":"SF Farhat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farhat SF, McLean AK, Mahmoud HF. 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Vet Res Commun. 2024;48:3339\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10461-6.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05678-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05678-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05678-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:01:23Z","timestamp":1783645283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05678-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05678-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All experiments were performed following relevant guidelines and regulations. The Welfare and Ethics Committee approved this study of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. All procedures in this study were performed following ARRIVE guidelines. This experimental protocol was approved by the Mansoura University Animal Care and Use Committee with a documented code MU-ACUC (VM.R.26.06.302).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"412"}}