{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T15:01:08Z","timestamp":1786546868882,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stiftung Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover (TIHO)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (APP) remains one of the most significant bacterial respiratory pathogens in swine production worldwide, causing porcine pleuropneumonia with substantial economic impact. Although recent reviews have summarized aspects of APP epidemiology, serotyping, surface-associated virulence determinants, and vaccine development strategies, several complementary research areas have advanced rapidly since the last\n                    <jats:italic>DISease CONtrol TOOLS<\/jats:italic>\n                    (DISCONTOOLS) 2017 report on this bacterium. These include antimicrobial resistance surveillance, chronic persistence mechanisms such as biofilm formation, refined experimental infection models, intracellular survival within host immune cells, and the immunopathological processes driving lung injury. This review focuses on these practical and mechanistic dimensions, emphasizing their relevance for herd-level control, outbreak management, and future therapeutic approaches. Recent genomic studies of multidrug-resistant strains, as well as the development of improved molecular diagnostic tools, are also discussed. Collectively, emerging evidence suggests that APP should not be viewed solely as an extracellular pathogen causing acute disease outbreaks, but rather as an adaptable organism capable of persistence, immune modulation, and endemic circulation in modern pig populations. Addressing these challenges will require integrated strategies that combine antimicrobial stewardship, improved surveillance, and a deeper understanding of host\u2013pathogen interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05791-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T10:54:32Z","timestamp":1786445672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae \u2013 today's perspective on advances and challenges (2017- 2026)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Hennig-Pauka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Strutzberg-Minder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Langford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5791_CR1","unstructured":"DISCONTOOLS. Research gaps for improving infectious disease control in animals. 2024. https:\/\/www.discontools.eu. Accessed 3 June 2026."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5791_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12739","volume":"65","author":"EL Sassu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sassu EL, Boss\u00e9 JT, Tobias TJ, Gottschalk M, Langford PR, Hennig-Pauka I. Update on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(Suppl 1):72\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.12739.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5791_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.05.011","volume":"220","author":"JT Boss\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boss\u00e9 JT, Li Y, Fernandez Crespo R, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, S\u00e1rk\u00f6zi R, Fodor L, Casas Amoribieta M, Angen \u00d8, Nedbalcova K, Holden MTG, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Comparative sequence analysis of the capsular polysaccharide loci of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1\u201318, and development of two multiplex PCRs for comprehensive capsule typing. Vet Microbiol. 2018;220:83\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.05.011.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109021","volume":"255","author":"OW Stringer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stringer OW, Boss\u00e9 JT, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Fodor L, Angen \u00d8, Velazquez E, Penny P, Lei L, Langford PR, Li Y. Proposal of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 19, and reformulation of previous multiplex PCRs for capsule-specific typing of all known serovars. Vet Microbiol. 2021;255:109021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109021.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindhaus H, Bischoff H, Harms M, Menke T, Helmer C, Hennig-Pauka I. Comparison of molecular serotyping methods for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and analysis of atypical serotypes detected in routine diagnostics. J Microbiol Methods. 2025;232\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2025.107132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2025.107132"},{"issue":"12","key":"5791_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70017","volume":"69","author":"H To","year":"2025","unstructured":"To H, Frey J, Gottschalk M, Sugiura K, Nagai S. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: An update on epidemiology, biovar, serotyping, virulence, and laboratory diagnosis. Microbiol Immunol. 2025;69(12):577\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70017.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"5791_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645610","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1645610","volume":"16","author":"AB Tesfaye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tesfaye AB, Han R, Tao Z, You L, Zhu J, Gao P, Fu L, Chu Y. Review of advanced research on swine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae vaccine development strategy. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1645610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1645610.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5791_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276712","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1276712","volume":"10","author":"MM Soto Perezchica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soto Perezchica MM, Guerrero Barrera AL, Avelar Gonzalez FJ, Quezada Tristan T, Macias Marin O. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, surface proteins and virulence: a review. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1276712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1276712.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15374","volume":"124","author":"GC da Silva","year":"2025","unstructured":"da Silva GC, Rossi CC. The arms race between Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and its genetic environment: A comprehensive analysis of its defensome and mobile genetic elements. Mol Microbiol. 2025;124(1):40\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.15374.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. What Is a Host? Attributes of individual susceptibility. Infect Immun. 2018;86(2):e00636-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00636-17","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00636-17"},{"issue":"2","key":"5791_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1017\/s1466252321000074","volume":"22","author":"PR Langford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langford PR, Stringer OW, Li Y, Boss\u00e9 JT. Application of the MISTEACHING(S) disease susceptibility framework to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to identify research gaps: an exemplar of a veterinary pathogen. Anim Health Res Rev. 2021;22(2):120\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1466252321000074.","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"5791_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tenk M, Toth G, Marton Z, S\u00e1rk\u00f6zi R, Szoradi A, Makrai L, Palmai N, Szalai T, Albert M, Fodor L. Examination of the virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 16 in pigs. Vet Sci. 2024;11(2):62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11020062.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11020062"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.198","volume":"6","author":"Z Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong Z, Zhou XZ, Sun JC, Meng XB, Li HS, Cheng FS, Wei XJ, Li B, Wang WW, Zhang JY. Efficacy of enteric-coated tilmicosin granules in pigs artificially infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(1):105\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.198.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-025-00806-9","volume":"67","author":"M Sj\u00f6lund","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6lund M, Rosendal T, Wallgren P, Pringle M, Bondesson U, Bengtsson B, Ekstrand C. Improved pharmacotherapy after revised dosing regimens of two slow-release formulations of benzylpenicillin in an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection model in pigs. Acta Vet Scand. 2025;67(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-025-00806-9.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"5791_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109607","volume":"276","author":"R Jarosova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jarosova R, Ben Arous J, Nechvatalova K, Nedbalcova K, Hlavova K, Stepanova H, Leva L, Oreskovic Z, Jan M, Versill\u00e9 N, Sladek Z, Faldyna M. Effects of oil-based adjuvants on the immune response of pigs after dermal administration of antigen and evaluation of the immunization level after a subsequent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae challenge in pigs. Vet Microbiol. 2023;276:109607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109607.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mortensen P, Toft N, Kiss I, Palya V, Smits H, Tenk M. Comparative efficacy in challenge dose models of a toxin expressing whole-cell vaccine against eight serovars of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Anim (Basel). 2022;12(23):3244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12233244.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233244"},{"key":"5791_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109438","volume":"269","author":"P Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen P, Bao C, Zhu R, Wang J, Zhu J, Li Z, Li F, Gu J, Feng X, Li N, Lei L. IL-5 enhances the resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in mice through maintaining appropriate levels of lung M2, PMN-II and highly effective neutrophil extracellular traps. Vet Microbiol. 2022;269:109438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109438.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.028","volume":"128","author":"CT Bao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bao CT, Xiao JM, Liu BJ, Liu JF, Zhu RN, Jiang P, Li L, Langford PR, Lei LC. Establishment and comparison of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae experimental infection model in mice and piglets. Microb Pathog. 2019;128:381\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.028.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"5791_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169774","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1169774","volume":"14","author":"F Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao F, Xu H, Chen Y, Xiao J, Zhang M, Li Z, Liu J, Qi C. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae FliY and YdjN are involved in cysteine\/cystine utilization, oxidative resistance, and biofilm formation but are not determinants of virulence. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1169774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1169774.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109058","volume":"257","author":"K Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu K, Zhao Q, Jiang HZ, Mou XR, Chang YF, Cao YQ, Miao C, Wu R, Wen YP, Huang XB, Yan QG, Du SY, Cao SJ. Molecular and functional characterization of HtrA protein in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol. 2021;257:109058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109058.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453818","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2453818","volume":"16","author":"S Hyun Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hyun Park S, Kim YH, Lee HJ, Han JM, Seo BJ, Park GS, Kim C, Ryu YB, Kim WS. Immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-derived extracellular vesicles as a novel vaccine candidate. Virulence. 2025;16(1):2453818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2025.2453818.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02742-z","volume":"11","author":"C Bao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bao C, Jiang X, Tian Y, Wang W, Xiao J, Liu B, Chen P, Li Z, Li J, Zhu J, Abdelaal T, Chen D, Li N, Lei L. IL-21-dependent Ly6C(+)Ly6G(+)CD4(+) T cells found in lung enhance macrophages function against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in mice. Cell Death Discov. 2025;11(1):440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-025-02742-z.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"5791_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110006","volume":"290","author":"Q He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He Q, Zheng Y, Yan K, Tang J, Yang F, Tian Y, Yang L, Dou B, Chen Y, Gu J, Chen H, Yuan F, Bei W. The cAMP receptor protein gene contributes to growth, stress resistance, and colonization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol. 2024;290:110006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110006.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01173-x","volume":"54","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Peng L, Han W, Chen H, Tang H, Chen X, Langford PR, Huang Q, Zhou R, Li L. The morphology and metabolic changes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during its growth as a biofilm. Vet Res. 2023;54(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-023-01173-x.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bui DT, Lee YS, Kuo TF, Chen ZW, Yang WC. Novel experimental mouse model to study the pathogenesis and therapy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Pathogens. 2024;13(5):412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13050412.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050412"},{"issue":"12","key":"5791_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13082","volume":"128","author":"MF Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira MF, Rossi CC. Overview of rearing and testing conditions and a guide for optimizing Galleria mellonella breeding and use in the laboratory for scientific purposes. APMIS. 2020;128(12):607\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apm.13082.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"5791_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crispim JS, da Silva TF, Sanches NM, da Silva GC, Pereira MF, Rossi CC, Li Y, Terra VS, Vohra P, Wren BW, Langford PR, Boss\u00e9 JT, Bazzolli DMS. Serovar-dependent differences in Hfq-regulated phenotypes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Pathog Dis. 2020;78(9):ftaa066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa066.","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa066"},{"key":"5791_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291930","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1291930","volume":"14","author":"GC da Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"da Silva GC, Rosa JN, Fontes PP, de Castro AG, Barbosa \u00c9DAA, Clarindo WR, Mantovani HC, Li Y, Boss\u00e9 JT, Langford PR, Bazzolli DMS. Identification of novel small RNAs in extracellular vesicles produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1291930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1291930.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stringer OW, Li Y, Boss\u00e9 JT, Langford PR, JMM, Profile. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: a major cause of lung disease in pigs but difficult to control and eradicate. J Med Microbiol. 2022;71(3):001483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001483.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001483"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.06.016","volume":"206","author":"M Gottschalk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gottschalk M. The challenge of detecting herds sub-clinically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet J. 2015;206(1):30\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.06.016.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"5791_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.25339","volume":"27","author":"DY Bae","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bae DY, Kang EJ, Cho YC, Lim Y, Moon SH, Kim WI, Oh Y, Cho HS. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Korea (2015\u20132025): serovar distribution, toxin gene profiles, antimicrobial resistance, and identification of an apxIICA-deficient serovar 15 profile. J Vet Sci. 2026;27(3):e39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4142\/jvs.25339","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01579-9","volume":"56","author":"AT Vincent","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vincent AT, Lacouture S, St-Jean G, Tapia R, Payen S, Kon M, Frey J, To H, Gottschalk M. Atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 12 strains with a higher virulence potential. Vet Res. 2025;56(1):149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01579-9.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00890-x","volume":"52","author":"L Schuwerk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuwerk L, Hoeltig D, Waldmann KH, Valentin-Weigand P, Rohde J. Sero- and apx-typing of German Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates from 2010 to 2019 reveals a predominance of serovar 2 with regular apx-profile. Vet Res. 2021;52(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-020-00890-x.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/524","volume":"15","author":"A Broes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Broes A, Martineau G-P, Gottschalk M. Dealing with unexpected Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serological results. J Swine Health Prod. 2007;15:264\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54846\/jshap\/524.","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04878-7","volume":"21","author":"WF Kwan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kwan WF, Li Y, Boss\u00e9 JT, Chiou MT, Chiu HJ, Langford PR, Mortensen P, Lin CN. Serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical-case pigs in Taiwan. BMC Vet Res. 2025;21(1):502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04878-7","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0592-0","volume":"49","author":"D Hoeltig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoeltig D, Rohde J, Frase R, Nietfeld F, Waldmann KH, Valentin-Weigand P, Meens J. Multi-organ spreading of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 7 in weaned pigs during the first week after experimental infection. Vet Res. 2018;49(1):97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-018-0592-0.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01136-2","volume":"54","author":"D Maes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maes D, Sibila M, Pieters M, Haesebrouck F, Segal\u00e9s J, de Oliveira LG. Review on the methodology to assess respiratory tract lesions in pigs and their production impact. Vet Res. 2023;54(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-023-01136-2.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5791_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2012.01008.x","volume":"90","author":"GJ Eamens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eamens GJ, Gonsalves JR, Whittington AM, Turner B. Evaluation of serovar-independent ELISA antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs following vaccination or experimental challenge with respiratory pathogens and natural A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 challenge. Aust Vet J. 2012;90(12):490\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2012.01008.x.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"5791_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bregen J, de Buhr N, Strutzberg-Minder K, Bonilla MC, Imker R, Wegner B, Freise F, Hennig-Pauka I. Serological findings in pigs vaccinated against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Sci. 2026;13(1):91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13010091.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13010091"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717742436","volume":"30","author":"H Ito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ito H, Takahashi S, Asai T, Tamura Y, Yamamoto K. Isolation and molecular characterization of a urease-negative Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae mutant. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2018;30(1):172\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1040638717742436.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"5791_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.22-0258","volume":"85","author":"H To","year":"2023","unstructured":"To H, Akaike Y, Kon M, Koike F, Shibuya K, Sasakawa C, Nagai S. Characterization of an atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 2 isolate with a rough-type lipopolysaccharide. J Vet Med Sci. 2023;85(2):157\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.22-0258.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li SC, Huang JF, Hung YT, Wu HH, Wang JP, Lin JH, Chen ZW, Hsuan SL. In silico capsule locus typing for serovar prediction of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microb Genom. 2022;8(4):000780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000780.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000780"},{"key":"5791_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cuccato M, Divari S, Ciaramita S, Sereno A, Campelli D, Biolatti PG, Biolatti B, Meliota F, Bollo E, Cannizzo FT. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes by multiplex PCR identification and evaluation of lung lesions in pigs from Piedmont (Italy) farms. Anim (Basel). 2024;14(15):2255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14152255.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152255"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01419-2","volume":"55","author":"JL Arnal Bernal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arnal Bernal JL, Gottschalk M, Lacotoure S, Sanz Tejero C, Chac\u00f3n P\u00e9rez G, Mart\u00edn-Jurado D, Fern\u00e1ndez Ros AB. Serotype diversity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae detected by real-time PCR in clinical and subclinical samples from Spanish pig farms during 2017\u20132022. Vet Res. 2024;55(1):165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-024-01419-2.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110268","volume":"298","author":"JL Arnal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arnal JL, Fern\u00e1ndez AB, Lacotoure S, Benito A, Lazaro-Gaspar S, Gottschalk M. Assessment of real-time PCR test in oral fluid samples for screening the serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae circulating in swine herds. Vet Microbiol. 2024;298:110268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110268.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR46","unstructured":"Fomovskaia G, Smith MAF, Davis JC, Jones K. Fta-coated media for use as a molecular diagnostic tool. Denmark. 2000. Patent: WO2000062023A1. https:\/\/patents.goo46gle.com\/patent\/WO2000062023A1\/en. Accessed: 22 July 2026."},{"key":"5791_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728660","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.728660","volume":"8","author":"OW Stringer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stringer OW, Boss\u00e9 JT, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Fodor L, Angen \u00d8, Velazquez E, Penny P, Lei L, Langford PR, Li Y. Rapid detection and typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars directly from clinical samples: combining FTA(\u00ae) Card technology with multiplex PCR. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:728660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.728660.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Angen \u00d8, Karstensen KT, Vilar\u00f3 A, Cavaco LM, Langford PR, Sauce LJF, Migura-Garcia L, Salomonsen CM, Li Y, Boss\u00e9 JT. Serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on whole genome sequencing: validation of a bioinformatic tool. Microb Genom. 2025;11(7):001434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001434.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001434"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2024.2335947","volume":"44","author":"CH Ke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ke CH, Lai PY, Hsu FY, Hsueh PR, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistome of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Taiwan: a next-generation sequencing analysis. Vet Q. 2024;44(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01652176.2024.2335947.","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"5791_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00311","volume":"8","author":"JT Boss\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boss\u00e9 JT, Li Y, Rogers J, Fernandez Crespo R, Li Y, Chaudhuri RR, Holden MT, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Whole genome sequencing for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00311.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2021.106360","volume":"191","author":"X Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun X, Blackall PJ, Daniel P, Chandra K, Jenkin S, Turni C. An improved multiplex PCR for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella australis and Pasteurella multocida. J Microbiol Methods. 2021;191:106360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2021.106360.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"5791_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898412","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.898412","volume":"12","author":"L Yi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yi L, Jin M, Gao M, Wang H, Fan Q, Grenier D, Sun L, Wang S, Wang Y. Specific quantitative detection of Streptococcus suis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in co-infection and mixed biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:898412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.898412.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhuang H, Kang S, Zheng C, Peng Z, Zhu J, Wu Z. A triplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2026;2026:9983141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/9983141.","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/9983141"},{"key":"5791_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774637","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1774637","volume":"13","author":"YJ Ren","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ren YJ, Lin H, Yu DJ, Zhang J, Yang F, Zhang BY, Chen YQ, Long HX, Ren LL. A duplex real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR method for simultaneous and rapid detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and influenza A virus. Front Vet Sci. 2026;13:1774637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1774637.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593804","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.593804","volume":"11","author":"LP Sanglard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanglard LP, Mote BE, Willson P, Harding JCS, Plastow GS, Dekkers JCM, Ser\u00e3o NVL. Genomic analysis of IgG antibody response to common pathogens in commercial sows in health-challenged herds. Front Genet. 2020;11:593804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2020.593804.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5791_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-019-09825-0","volume":"31","author":"F Nietfeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nietfeld F, H\u00f6ltig D, Willems H, Valentin-Weigand P, Wurmser C, Waldmann KH, Fries R, Reiner G. Candidate genes and gene markers for the resistance to porcine pleuropneumonia. Mamm Genome. 2020;31(1\u20132):54\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00335-019-09825-0.","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01538-4","volume":"56","author":"MN de Almeida","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Almeida MN, Pineyro PP, Holtkamp D, Machado I, Silva APS, Cezar G, Thomas P, Gottschalk M, Michael AA. Post-outbreak dynamics and persistence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 in finisher pigs in Iowa. Vet Res. 2025;56(1):107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01538-4.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620200","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2026.2620200","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li Y, Chai W, Pan H, Fang W, Feng H, Shu J, He Y. Genomic characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 5, 8, and 15 strains from diseased pigs in eastern Chinese provinces. Virulence. 2026;17(1):2620200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2026.2620200.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"5791_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa BLP, Matajira CEC, Poor AP, Monteiro MS, Moreno LZ, Dutra MC, Moreno AM, Serotypes. MIC-Based antimicrobial susceptibility, and genotypic diversity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from diseased pigs in Brazil. Microorganisms. 2026;14(4):828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14040828.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040828"},{"issue":"4","key":"5791_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118522","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01185-22","volume":"10","author":"J Guitart-Matas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guitart-Matas J, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Maguire M, Vilar\u00f3 A, Martinez-Urtaza J, Fraile L, Migura-Garcia L. Revealing genomic insights of the unexplored porcine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae using whole genome sequencing. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(4):e0118522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01185-22.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"5791_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110157","volume":"295","author":"A Vilar\u00f3","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vilar\u00f3 A, Karstensen KT, Cavaco LM, Angen \u00d8, Sol\u00e9 E, Ser\u00f3 I, Novell E, Enrique-Taranc\u00f3n V, Guitart-Matas J, Migura-Garcia L, Fraile L. An investigation of the transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae within vertically integrated systems using whole genome sequencing. Vet Microbiol. 2024;295:110157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110157.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao D, Yang B, Yuan X, Shen C, Zhang D, Shi X, Zhang T, Cui H, Yang J, Chen X, Hao Y, Zheng H, Zhang K, Liu X. Advanced research in porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus co-infection with other pathogens in swine. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8699561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.699561.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.699561"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00807-8","volume":"51","author":"G Saade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saade G, Deblanc C, Bougon J, Marois-Cr\u00e9han C, Fablet C, Auray G, Belloc C, Leblanc-Maridor M, Gagnon CA, Zhu J, Gottschalk M, Summerfield A, Simon G, Bertho N, Meurens F. Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract. Vet Res. 2020;51(1):80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-020-00807-8.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-12439","volume":"74","author":"A Arenales","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arenales A, Santana C, Rolim ACR, Pereira EMMS, Nascimento EF, Paixao T, Santos R. Histopathologic patterns and etiologic diagnosis of porcine respiratory disease complex in Brazil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zoo. 2022;74:497\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-4162-12439.","journal-title":"Arquivo Brasileiro de Med Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia"},{"key":"5791_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329073","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1329073","volume":"10","author":"N Ramos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramos N, Sibila M, Neira V, Editorial. Porcine respiratory disease complex: dynamics of polymicrobial infections, synergistic effects and management strategies. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1329073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1329073.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106525","volume":"239","author":"A Fern\u00e1ndez-Fontelo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fontelo A, Lasierra-Morales MT, Carmona M, Sibila M, Garza-Moreno L. Time series modelling of swine lung lesion prevalence to predict the temporal dynamics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections in Spain. Prev Vet Med. 2025;239:106525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106525.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"5791_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105892","volume":"196","author":"ER Braga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Braga ER, Panneitz AK, Petri FAM, de Oliveira LG. Prevalence of porcine circoviruses (PCV2 and PCV3) in slaughtered pigs with different pleurisy lesions score: Coinfections with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Pasteurella multocida. Res Vet Sci. 2025;196:105892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105892.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"38","key":"5791_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15413","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311217110","volume":"110","author":"SM Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong SM, Bernui M, Shen H, Akerley BJ. Genome-wide fitness profiling reveals adaptations required by Haemophilus in coinfection with influenza A virus in the murine lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(38):15413\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1311217110.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"5791_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Dixhoorn IDE, Te Beest DE, Bolhuis JE, Parmentier HK, Kemp B, van Mourik S, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, van Reenen CG, Rebel JMJ. Animal-based factors prior to infection predict histological disease outcome in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus- and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected Pigs. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8742877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.742877.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.742877"},{"key":"5791_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511209","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1511209","volume":"11","author":"BGC de Bruijn","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Bruijn BGC, van Dixhoorn IDE, Bolhuis JE, Cornelissen J, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Kluivers M, Rebel JMJ. Environmental enrichment affects immunity and reduces disease severity in pigs after co-infection, with stronger effects when applied from birth than from weaning. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1511209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1511209.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048861","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1048861","volume":"9","author":"P Assavacheep","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assavacheep P, Thanawongnuwech R. Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:1048861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1048861.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5791_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1895-4","volume":"10","author":"N de Buhr","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Buhr N, Bonilla MC, Pfeiffer J, Akhdar S, Schwennen C, Kahl BC, Waldmann KH, Valentin-Weigand P, Hennig-Pauka I, von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede M. Degraded neutrophil extracellular traps promote the growth of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(9):657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-019-1895-4.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01412-9","volume":"55","author":"R Migu\u00e9lez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Migu\u00e9lez-P\u00e9rez R, Menc\u00eda-Ares O, Guti\u00e9rrez-Mart\u00edn CB, Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Petrocchi-Rilo M, Delgado-Garc\u00eda M, Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez S. Biofilm formation in Streptococcus suis: in vitro impact of serovars and assessment of coinfections with other porcine respiratory disease complex bacterial pathogens. Vet Res. 2024;55(1):157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-024-01412-9.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00507","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Gong S, Dong X, Li J, Grenier D, Yi L. In vitro mixed biofilm of Streptococcus suis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae impacts antibiotic susceptibility and modulates virulence factor gene expression. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00507.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seakamela EM, Henton MM, Jonker A, Kayoka-Kabongo PN, Matle I. Temporal and serotypic dynamics of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in South African porcine populations: A retrospective study from 1985 to 2023. Pathogens. 2024;13(7):599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13070599.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070599"},{"key":"5791_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barna I, Ta\u0219ca I, Toader AI, Ungur A. Epidemiological Analysis of environmental factors affecting porcine pleuropneumonia in a herd endemic for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Pathogens. 2026;15(5):513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15050513.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15050513"},{"key":"5791_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108010","volume":"208","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Luo Z, Han W, Peng L, Tang H, Xu J, Sun Y, Zhou R, Li L. Ammonia-induced dispersion and proliferation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biofilms. Microb Pathog. 2025;208:108010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108010.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"5791_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00092","volume":"6","author":"I Hennig-Pauka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hennig-Pauka I, Menzel A, Boehme TR, Schierbaum H, Ganter M, Schulz J. Haptoglobin and C-reactive protein-non-specific markers for nursery conditions in swine. Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2019.00092.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5791_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602011000300002","volume":"44","author":"CV Pastore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pastore CV, Pirrone F, Mazzola S, Rizzi M, Viola M, Sironi G, Albertini M. Mechanical ventilation and volutrauma: study in vivo of a healthy pig model. Biol Res. 2011;44(3):219\u201327.","journal-title":"Biol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"5791_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/met029","volume":"57","author":"I Basinas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basinas I, Schl\u00fcnssen V, Takai H, Heederik D, Omland \u00d8, Wouters IM, Sigsgaard T, Kromhout H. Exposure to inhalable dust and endotoxin among Danish pig farmers affected by work tasks and stable characteristics. Ann Occup Hyg. 2013;57(8):1005\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annhyg\/met029.","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"5791_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745115","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1745115","volume":"17","author":"A de Jong","year":"2026","unstructured":"de Jong A, Temmerman R, Rose M, Simjee S, El Garch F. Pan-European analysis shows stable, low antimicrobial resistance in most bovine and porcine respiratory tract pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2026;17:1745115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1745115.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siteavu MI, Drugea RI, Pitoiu E, Ciobotaru-Pirvu E. Antimicrobial resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, and Pasteurella multocida isolated from Romanian swine farms. Microorganisms. 2023;11(10):2410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11102410.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102410"},{"key":"5791_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma X, Zheng B, Wang J, Li G, Cao S, Wen Y, Huang X, Zuo Z, Zhong Z, Gu Y. Quinolone resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae revealed through genome and transcriptome analyses. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(18):10036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221810036.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810036"},{"key":"5791_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110186","volume":"296","author":"A Brenciani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brenciani A, Coccitto SN, Cucco L, Ustulin M, Albini E, Panicci\u00e0 M, Vio D, Cinthi M, Giovanetti E, Massacci FR, Magistrali CF. Emerging resistance to florfenicol in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates on two Italian pig farms. Vet Microbiol. 2024;296:110186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110186.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084491","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1084491","volume":"10","author":"X Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao X, Song Q, Zhu W, Wei J, Shao D, Liu K, Li Z, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Xia L, Li B. Characterization of small plasmids carrying florfenicol resistance gene floR in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida isolates from swine in China. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1084491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1084491.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01305-x","volume":"55","author":"F Guarneri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guarneri F, Romeo C, Scali F, Zoppi S, Formenti N, Maisano AM, Catania S, Gottschalk M, Alborali GL. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in Italian pig farms from 2015 to 2022. Vet Res. 2024;55(1):48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-024-01305-x.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849275","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1849275","volume":"13","author":"C Duan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Duan C, Fang Z, Lin Z, Liu X, Luo Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li L, Huang C, Jin Z, Song Z, Li X, Zheng X. Atypical multidrug-resistant serotype 1 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with ApxIII in China. Front Vet Sci. 2026;13:1849275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1849275.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR88","volume-title":"Livestock disease survey: a field manual for veterinarians","author":"R Cannon","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cannon R, Roe RT. Livestock disease survey: a field manual for veterinarians. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Animal Health; 1982."},{"key":"5791_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805382","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.805382","volume":"9","author":"OW Stringer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stringer OW, Li Y, Boss\u00e9 JT, Forrest MS, Hernandez-Garcia J, Tucker AW, Nunes T, Costa F, Mortensen P, Velazquez E, Penny P, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Georgiou P, Langford PR. Rapid Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from clinical samples using recombinase polymerase amplification. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:805382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.805382.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5791_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13749","volume":"75","author":"R Sarkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarkar R, Roychoudhury P, Kumar S, Dutta S, Konwar N, Subudhi PK, Dutta TK. Rapid detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae targeting the apxIVA gene for diagnosis of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia in pigs by polymerase spiral reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2022;75(2):442\u20139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.13749.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"5791_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.026","volume":"123","author":"N Baltes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baltes N, Buettner FF, Gerlach GF. Selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS) of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the chronic stage of disease reveals an HlyX-regulated autotransporter protein. Vet Microbiol. 2007;123(1\u20133):110\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.026.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5791_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.67.8.3703-3713.1999","volume":"67","author":"A Casadevall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. Host-pathogen interactions: redefining the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity. Infect Immun. 1999;67(8):3703\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.67.8.3703-3713.1999.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"5791_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108532","volume":"240","author":"D Aper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aper D, Fr\u00f6mbling J, Ba\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu M, Ehling-Schulz M, Hennig-Pauka I. Comparison of metabolic adaptation and biofilm formation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates from the upper and lower respiratory tract of swine with respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol. 2020;240:108532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108532.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu J, Zhu R, Jiang H, Li Z, Jiang X, Li F, Zhang F, Feng X, Gu J, Li N, Lei L. Adh promotes Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae survival in porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting CHAC2-mediated respiratory burst and inflammatory cytokine expression. Cells. 2023;12(5):696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12050696.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050696"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02589-9","volume":"16","author":"D Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun D, Mi K, Hao H, Xie S, Chen D, Huang L. Optimal regimens based on PK\/PD cutoff evaluation of ceftiofur against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02589-9.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802570","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.802570","volume":"8","author":"I Hennig-Pauka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hennig-Pauka I, Hartmann M, Merkel J, Kreienbrock L. Coinfections and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from diseased swine in North Western Germany-temporal patterns in samples from routine laboratory practice from 2006 to 2020. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:802570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.802570.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mead A, Viel A, Boulanger M, Overesch G, Toutain PL, Ferran A, Pelligand L. Pharmacodynamic interaction between trimethoprim and sulphonamides for A. pleuropneumoniae: synergistic ratios, optimal potentiation, and dynamic responses assessed via time-kill curves. J Appl Microbiol. 2026;137(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag106.","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag106"},{"key":"5791_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787241","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.787241","volume":"8","author":"K Vaillancourt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vaillancourt K, Frenette M, Gottschalk M, Grenier D. Streptococcus pluranimalium 2N12 exerts an antagonistic effect against the swine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by producing hydrogen peroxide. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:787241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.787241.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5791_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-016-9238-6","volume":"9","author":"A Sgibnev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sgibnev A, Kremleva E. Influence of hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid, and surfactants from vaginal Lactobacilli on the antibiotic sensitivity of opportunistic bacteria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2017;9(2):131\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-016-9238-6.","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"5791_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding H, Bai Y, Luo W, Li H, Zhu C, Zhao X, Sun H, Wen Y, Zhang W, Zhang S, Wen B, Wang R, Zhang L, Liu X, Shen J, Hu J, Wang L, Bai Y, Liao C, Wu Y, Wu X, Ding K. Rhein kills Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, reduces biofilm formation, and effectively treats bacterial lung infections in mice. J Med Microbiol. 2024;73(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001826.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001826"},{"key":"5791_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.azn.2026.04.004","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Zhang X, Li N, Chen H, Gong Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Li F, Lei L. Screening and establishment of herbal-derived feed additives against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. Anim Zoonoses. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.azn.2026.04.004.","journal-title":"Anim Zoonoses"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04055-2","volume":"20","author":"QL Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang QL, Huang LN, Zhao GY, Liu C, Pan XY, Li ZR, Jing XH, Qiu ZY, Xin RH. Naringin attenuates Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-induced acute lung injury via MAPK\/NF-\u03baB and Keap1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20(1):204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04055-2.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang Q, Li W, Jing X, Liu C, Ahmad S, Huang L, Zhao G, Li Z, Qiu Z, Xin R. Naringin\u2019s alleviation of the inflammatory response caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by downregulating the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signalling pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(2):1027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25021027.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021027"},{"issue":"3","key":"5791_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15318","volume":"132","author":"C Neath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neath C, Portocarero N, Jones C. In vitro susceptibility of swine pathogens to feed additives and active ingredients with potential as antibiotic replacements. J Appl Microbiol. 2022;132(3):1713\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.15318.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5791_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13060492","volume":"13","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhao K, Chen Z, Liu D, Tang S, Sun C, Chen H, Wang Y, Wu C. Halicin: A new horizon in antibacterial therapy against veterinary pathogens. Antibiot (Basel). 2024;13(6):492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13060492.","journal-title":"Antibiot (Basel)"},{"key":"5791_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Liu Z, Gao T, Liu W, Yang K, Guo R, Li C, Tian Y, Wang N, Zhou D, Bei W, Yuan F. Tea polyphenols protects tracheal epithelial tight junctions in lung during Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection via suppressing TLR-4\/MAPK\/PKC-MLCK signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(14):11842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241411842.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411842"},{"issue":"3","key":"5791_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09917-4","volume":"46","author":"P Rattanapanadda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rattanapanadda P, Kuo HC, Chang SK, Tell LA, Shia WY, Chou CC. Effect of carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone on intrabacterial concentration and antimicrobial activity of amphenicols against swine resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Vet Res Commun. 2022;46(3):903\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-022-09917-4.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"5791_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20170367","volume":"48","author":"PJ Tamiozzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tamiozzo PJ, Carranza A, Pelliza B, Parada J, Ambrogi A. Assessment of a segregated medicated early weaning protocol for elimination of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Ci\u00eancia Rural. 2018;48:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-8478cr20170367.","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"key":"5791_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaspersen H, Urdahl AM, Gr\u00f8ntvedt CA, Gulliksen SM, Tesfamichael B, Sletteme\u00e5s JS, Norstr\u00f6m M, Sekse C. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae eradication with enrofloxacin may lead to dissemination and long-term persistence of quinolone resistant Escherichia coli in pig herds. Antibiot (Basel). 2020;9(12):910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9120910.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120910"},{"key":"5791_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuchiishi SS, Ramos Prigol S, Bresolin E, Fernandes Lenhard B, Pissetti C, Garc\u00eda-Iglesias MJ, Guti\u00e9rrez-Mart\u00edn CB, Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez S, Kreutz LC, Frandoloso R. Brazilian clinical strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida: capsular diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro) and proof of concept for prevention of natural colonization by multi-doses protocol of Tildipirosin. Antibiot (Basel). 2023;12(12):1658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12121658.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12121658"},{"key":"5791_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-017-0057-2","volume":"3","author":"E Grandemange","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grandemange E, Perrin PA, Cvejic D, Haas M, Rowan T, Hellmann K. Randomised controlled field study to evaluate the efficacy and clinical safety of a single 8\u00a0mg\/kg injectable dose of marbofloxacin compared with one or two doses of 7.5\u00a0mg\/kg injectable enrofloxacin for the treatment of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections in growing-fattening pigs in Europe. Porcine Health Manag. 2017;3:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-017-0057-2.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag"},{"key":"5791_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vilar\u00f3 A, Novell E, Enrique-Tarancon V, Baliellas J, Migura-Garc\u00eda L, Fraile L. The susceptibility trends of respiratory and enteric porcine pathogens to last-resource antimicrobials. Antibiot (Basel). 2023;12(11):1575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12111575.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111575"},{"key":"5791_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Jong A, Morrissey I, Rose M, Temmerman R, Klein U, Simjee S, El Garch F. Antimicrobial susceptibility among respiratory tract pathogens isolated from diseased cattle and pigs from different parts of Europe. J Appl Microbiol. 2023;134(8):lxad132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxad132.","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad132"},{"issue":"11","key":"5791_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0336060","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336060","volume":"20","author":"Z Fang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fang Z, Lin Z, Duan C, Liu X, Luo Z, Huang C, Li X, Zheng X. Genome analysis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain APPFJLYC01 reveals multidrug resistance and high virulence potential. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(11):e0336060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336060.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5791_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael GB, Boss\u00e9 JT, Schwarz S. Antimicrobial resistance in Pasteurellaceae of veterinary origin. Microbiol Spectr. 2018;6(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0022-2017.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0022-2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-026-00237-7","volume":"6","author":"L Peng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Peng L, Yang D, Han W, Chen H, Zhang J, Zhou Q, Zou G, Zhou R, Song Y, Langford PR, Li L. Epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of recent (2021\u20132024) Chinese Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae clinical isolates. Anim Dis. 2026;6(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44149-026-00237-7.","journal-title":"Anim Dis"},{"key":"5791_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1282","volume":"30","author":"MT Sweeney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sweeney MT, Gunnett LA, Kumar DM, Lunt BL, Pantoja LG, Bade D, Machin C. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs in the United States and Canada, 2016 to 2020. J Swine Health Prod. 2022;30:130\u201344.","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2162-8","volume":"15","author":"I Holmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holmer I, Salomonsen CM, Jorsal SE, Astrup LB, Jensen VF, H\u00f8g BB, Pedersen K. Antibiotic resistance in porcine pathogenic bacteria and relation to antibiotic usage. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2162-8.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR119","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Annual surveillance report for 2024. In: European sales and use of antimicrobials for veterinary medicine (ESUAvet). EMA\/CVMP\/ESUAVET\/376993\/2025. 2025. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/veterinary-regulatory-overview\/antimicrobial-resistance-veterinary-medicine. Accessed: 22 July 2026."},{"key":"5791_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107692","volume":"205","author":"Q He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Q, Ye C, Qi S, Zheng Y, Yan K, Chen Y, Chen H, Bei W. Effects of fisetin on virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microb Pathog. 2025;205:107692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107692.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"5791_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/471","volume":"14","author":"I Georgoulakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Georgoulakis I, Petridou E, Filioussis G, Alexopoulos C, Kyriakis S, Papatsas I. Meloxicam as adjunctive therapy in treatment and control of porcine respiratory disease complex in growing pigs. J Swine Health Prod. 2006;14(5):253\u20137.","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"issue":"24","key":"5791_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.24.8213-8220.2004","volume":"186","author":"JB Kaplan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaplan JB, Velliyagounder K, Ragunath C, Rohde H, Mack D, Knobloch JK, Ramasubbu N. Genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of matrix polysaccharide in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2004;186(24):8213\u201320.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"27","key":"5791_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11197","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704624104","volume":"104","author":"TK Lu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lu TK, Collins JJ. Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(27):11197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0704624104.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol4010037","volume":"4","author":"LJ Bartsch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bartsch LJ, Fernandez Crespo R, Wang Y, Skinner MA, Rycroft AN, Cooley W, Everest DJ, Li Y, Boss\u00e9 JT, Langford PR. PluMu\u2014A Mu-like bacteriophage infecting Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Appl Microbiol. 2024;4(1):520\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/applmicrobiol4010037.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5791_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.2.188","volume":"19","author":"BT Birhanu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Birhanu BT, Lee SJ, Park NH, Song JB, Park SC. In silico analysis of putative drug and vaccine targets of the metabolic pathways of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae using a subtractive\/comparative genomics approach. J Vet Sci. 2018;19(2):188\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.2.188.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"5791_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bao C, Liu B, Zhu R, Xiao J, Li Z, Jiang H, Wang B, Langford PR, Fei R, Li N, Lei L. IFN-\u03b3(-\/-) Mice resist Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection by promoting early lung IL-18 release and PMN-I accumulation. Infect Immun. 2021;89(6):e00069-21 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00069-21","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00069-21"},{"key":"5791_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xia R, Xing W, Zhu Z, Han Q, Chen X, Shi H, Wu W, Zhang B, Lu J, Guo W, He L, Xu B. Mechanisms by which SIRT2 modulates alveolar macrophage immunoreactivity to intervene in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in piglets under cold stimulation. Vet Res. 2026;57(1):108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01780-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01780-4"},{"key":"5791_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802629","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1802629","volume":"17","author":"H Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang H, Wang L, Zhang W, Chen B, Guo R, Zhang L, Hua Y. Synergistic effect and resistance prevention activity of antimicrobial peptide MPX with Tulathromycin against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2026;17:1802629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1802629.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108634","volume":"243","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhao X, Zhu C, Zhao Y, Liu S, Xia X, Liu X, Zhang H, Xu Y, Hang B, Sun Y, Chen S, Jiang J, Bai Y, Zhang G, Lei L, Richard LP, Fotina H, Hu J. The antimicrobial peptide MPX kills Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and reduces its pathogenicity in mice. Vet Microbiol. 2020;243:108634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108634.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5791_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-018-0084-z","volume":"27","author":"F Zeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeng F, Dong R, Zhao C, Liu D, Zheng E, Song C, Wu Z, Li Z. Constitutive expression of antimicrobial peptide PR-39 in transgenic mice significantly enhances resistance to bacterial infection and promotes growth. Transgenic Res. 2018;27(5):409\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11248-018-0084-z.","journal-title":"Transgenic Res"},{"key":"5791_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00811","volume":"8","author":"F Xie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xie F, Wang Y, Li G, Liu S, Cui N, Liu S, Langford PR, Wang C. The SapA protein is involved in resistance to antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00811.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(00)00338-2","volume":"79","author":"O Angen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Angen \u00d8, Heegaard PM, Lavritsen DT, S\u00f8rensen V. Isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 by immunomagnetic separation. Vet Microbiol. 2001;79(1):19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-1135(00)00338-2.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1542-9","volume":"14","author":"D Hoeltig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoeltig D, Nietfeld F, Strutzberg-Minder K, Rohde J. Evaluation of the predictive value of tonsil examination by bacteriological culture for detecting positive lung colonization status of nursery pigs exposed to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by experimental aerosol infection. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1542-9.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5791_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Don\u00e0 V, Ramette A, Perreten V. Comparative genomics of 26 complete circular genomes of 18 different serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microb Genom. 2022;8(2):000776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000776.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000776"},{"key":"5791_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kleinmans M, Fiebig K, Tabeling R, Swam H, Duivelshof-Crienen A, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Explorative field study on the use of oral fluids for the surveillance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening farms by an Apx-real-time PCR. Vet Sci. 2022;9(10):552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci9100552.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9100552"},{"issue":"2","key":"5791_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1272","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1272","volume":"11","author":"S Scherrer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scherrer S, Peterhans S, Neupert C, Rademacher F, Bartolomei G, Sidler X, Stephan R. Development of a novel high resolution melting assay for identification and differentiation of all known 19 serovars of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. MicrobiologyOpen. 2022;11(2):e127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.1272.","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"5791_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928307","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.928307","volume":"13","author":"T Luan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luan T, Wang L, Zhao J, Luan H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Langford PR, Liu S, Zhang W, Li G. A CRISPR\/Cas12a-assisted rapid detection platform by biosensing the apxIVA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:928307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.928307.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5791_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106124","volume":"305","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Yu H, Zhao X, Ni J, Gan S, Dong W, Du J, Zhou X, Wang X, Song H. Detection and differentiation of seven porcine respiratory pathogens using a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay. Vet J. 2024;305:106124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106124.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"5791_CR139","unstructured":"Proton Dx. Rapid and portable molecular testing, extraction products, and bespoke research solutions. 2025. https:\/\/www.protondx.com\/. Accessed 3 June 2026."},{"key":"5791_CR140","unstructured":"Stringer OW. The development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the porcine respiratory disease complex. PhD thesis. Imperial College London, UK, 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"5791_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716656026","volume":"28","author":"H Ito","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ito H, Ogawa T, Fukamizu D, Morinaga Y, Kusumoto M. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a DNA region involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis reveals the molecular basis of the nontypeability of two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2016;28(6):632\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1040638716656026.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131121","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01311-21","volume":"10","author":"G Srijuntongsiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Srijuntongsiri G, Mhoowai A, Samngamnim S, Assavacheep P, Boss\u00e9 JT, Langford PR, Posayapisit N, Leartsakulpanich U, Songsungthong W. Novel DNA markers for identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(1):e0131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01311-21.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"5791_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arnal Bernal JL, Fernandez Ros AB, Lacouture S, Boss\u00e9 JT, Fodor L, Gantelet H, Solans Bernad L, Li Y, Langford PR, Gottschalk M. The challenge of developing a test to differentiate Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 9 and 11. Microorganisms. 2025;13(2):280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13020280.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020280"},{"issue":"2","key":"5791_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251412885","volume":"38","author":"H To","year":"2026","unstructured":"To H, Kon M, Kawashima N, Sato M, Ito S, Tsutsumi N, Ozawa M, Iwamoto S, Sugiura K, Nagai S. Characterization of atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2026;38(2):259\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387251412885.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"5791_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387231190875","volume":"35","author":"H To","year":"2023","unstructured":"To H, Tsutsumi N, Ito S, Gottschalk M, Nagai S. Characterization of non-encapsulated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar K12:O3 isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2023;35(6):766\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387231190875.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5791_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.01.004","volume":"99","author":"A Dreyfus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dreyfus A, Schaller A, Nivollet S, Segers RP, Kobisch M, Mieli L, Soerensen V, H\u00fcssy D, Miserez R, Zimmermann W, Inderbitzin F, Frey J. Use of recombinant ApxIV in serodiagnosis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections, development and prevalidation of the ApxIV ELISA. Vet Microbiol. 2004;99(3\u20134):227\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.01.004.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5791_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.10.025","volume":"128","author":"HE Tegetmeyer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tegetmeyer HE, Jones SC, Langford PR, Baltes N. ISApl1, a novel insertion element of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, prevents ApxIV-based serological detection of serotype 7 strain AP76. Vet Microbiol. 2008;128(3\u20134):342\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.10.025.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5791_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(02)00150-5","volume":"88","author":"K Chiers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chiers K, Donn\u00e9 E, Van Overbeke I, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Evaluation of serology, bacteriological isolation and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of pigs carrying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract after experimental infection. Vet Microbiol. 2002;88(4):385\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-1135(02)00150-5.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR149","first-page":"62","volume":"62","author":"M Gottschalk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Blackwell T, Boss\u00e9 J. Long-chain LPS-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect swine herds infected by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 17. Can Vet J. 2021;62(1):62\u20135.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712469607","volume":"25","author":"T Opriessnig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Opriessnig T, Hemann M, Johnson JK, Heinen S, Gim\u00e9nez-Lirola LG, O\u2019Neill KC, Hoang H, Yoon KJ, Gottschalk M, Halbur PG. Evaluation of diagnostic assays for the serological detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae on samples of known or unknown exposure. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2013;25(1):61\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1040638712469607.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"5791_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dean KR, Lybeck K, Samdal IA, Borge AJ, Skatvedt Jordal E, Grondtvedt CA, Naadland SS, Udjus K, Haugen I, Klevar S. Evaluation of a multiplex assay and two commercial ELISAs for the serological detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae using Bayesian latent class modelling. Res Square. 2026;PREPRINT Version 1. . Accessed 3 June 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9608302\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9608302\/v1"},{"key":"5791_CR152","unstructured":"Biochek AELISA, Test System. 2026. http:\/\/www.biochek.com\/swine\/app-elisa-test-system\/. Accessed 3 June 2026."},{"issue":"5","key":"5791_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217290","volume":"14","author":"K Loreck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loreck K, Mitrenga S, Meemken D, Heinze R, Reissig A, Mueller E, Ehricht R, Engemann C, Greiner M. Development of a miniaturized protein microarray as a new serological IgG screening test for zoonotic agents and production diseases in pigs. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(5):e0217290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217290.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"5791_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717719481","volume":"29","author":"SS Berger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berger SS, Lauritsen KT, Boas U, Lind P, Andresen LO. Simultaneous detection of antibodies to five Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars using bead-based multiplex analysis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2017;29(6):797\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1040638717719481.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"5791_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10080502","volume":"10","author":"X Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu X, Li J, Huang P, Cui X, Li X, Sun J, Huang Y, Ji Q, Wei Q, Bao G, Liu Y. Isolation, identification and drug resistance rates of bacteria from pigs in Zhejiang and surrounding areas during 2019\u20132021. Vet Sci. 2023;10(8):502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10080502.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5791_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04504-6","volume":"21","author":"P Paulina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paulina P, Dawid T. Serotyping and antimicrobial resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from fattening pigs in Poland from 2019 to 2024. BMC Vet Res. 2025;21(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04504-6.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5791_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040938","volume":"13","author":"F Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li F, Zong X, Chen G, Zhang Y, Cao Q, Li L, Chen H, Peng Z, Tan C. Isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genotypes of three Pasteurellaeae species prevalent on pig farms in China between 2021 and 2023. Microorganisms. 2025;13(4):938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13040938.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"8","key":"5791_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081298","volume":"12","author":"Z Somogyi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Somogyi Z, Mag P, Simon R, Kerek \u00c1, Makrai L, Biksi I, Jerzsele \u00c1. Susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis isolated from pigs in Hungary between 2018 and 2021. Antibiotics. 2023;12(8):1298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12081298.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"7","key":"5791_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070402","volume":"9","author":"A Vilar\u00f3","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vilar\u00f3 A, Novell E, Enrique-Taranc\u00f3n V, Balielles J, Vilalta C, Martinez S, Fraile Sauce LJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of porcine respiratory bacteria in Spain. Antibiot (Basel). 2020;9(7):402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9070402.","journal-title":"Antibiot (Basel)"},{"key":"5791_CR160","unstructured":"Swedres-Svarm. Public Health Agency of Sweden & The Swedish Veterinary Agency of Sweden. Consumption of antibiotics and occurrence of antibiotic resistance in Sweden. Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten. 2025. https:\/\/folkhalsomyndigheten-rapporter.github.io\/swedres-svarm-2025. Accessed 22 Jul 2026."},{"key":"5791_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DANMAP. Danish Programme for surveillance of antimicrobial consumption and resistance in bacteria from food animals, food and humans. DTU National Food Institute & Statns Serum Institute, Denmark. 2024. Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Bacteria from food animals, food and humans in Denmark. https:\/\/www.danmap.org\/. Accessed 22 Jul 2026.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8589"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05791-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05791-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05791-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:03:57Z","timestamp":1786543437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05791-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-026-05791-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"466"}}