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This cross-sectional study aimed to quantify how discipline, gait, and surface impact differential rotational and translational movements along the backs of 107 horses from the military and police forces. The horses were walked and trotted in-hand in a straight-line over hard and soft surfaces. During the exercises, nine inertial sensors (XSens MTw) were mounted to the poll, withers, thoracic vertebrae-13 (T13) and 18 (T18), lumbar vertebra-3 (L3), sacrum (between tubera sacrale), left and right tubera coxae, and caudal sacrum (\u2018tail\u2019). Linear mixed models assessed whether horse discipline (load pulling or non-load pulling), surface (soft or hard), age, or stride time influenced rotational and translational range of motion differences between adjacent sensors at either walk or trot (significance at\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). When compared to non-load pullers, it was apparent that the load pullers had reductions in differential rotational movements (0.5\u20133.1\u00ba in walk,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.039; and 0.5\u20132.3\u00ba in trot,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.049) and reductions in differential cranio-caudal, medio-lateral and dorso-ventral translations (2.2\u201315.0\u00a0mm in walk,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.039; and 1.2\u20137.6\u00a0mm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.045 in trot), plus an increase in differential cranio-caudal translation at the Poll-Withers (12.8\u00a0mm in trot,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Soft surfaces increased differential rotational movements (0.1\u20131.2\u00ba in walk,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.048; and 0.2\u20132.9\u00ba in trot,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.007) and differential translational movements (1.4\u201316.3\u00a0mm in walk,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.002; and 0.5\u20132\u00a0mm in trot,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.007) in most regions of the thoraco-lumbo-sacral spine compared to hard surfaces. The amplitude of differential rotational and translational movements did not show systematic patterns with stride time and age. Further work is needed to understand whether the observed changes to differential rotational and translational movements along the equine thoraco-lumbo-sacral spine, imposed by working discipline and surface conditions, impact long-term equine health, well-being, or susceptibility to injury. This work will lay foundations for the development of an equine back dynamics reference framework, to which individual data may be compared.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05804-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:37:46Z","timestamp":1788838666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential rotational and translational movements along the thoraco-lumbo-sacral spine of load and non-load pulling military and police horses walking and trotting on hard and soft surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Horan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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