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The objective of this study was to compare urinary cystatin C (uCysC),\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      -acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG), and glucose (uGlu) among dogs hospitalised because of envenomation by\n                      <jats:italic>Vipera berus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (EVB) or admitted for intensive care without (IC) or with (AKI\n                      <jats:sub>APP<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) clinically apparent AKI, and 30 healthy dogs. Urine and serum samples were collected on days 1 and 2, and urine samples on days 7 and 14. Urinary CysC, NAG, and glucose concentrations were measured with an automated chemistry analyser, normalised to urinary creatinine concentration (uCr) and compared among groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety-seven dogs were included (30 HC, 28 EVB, 14 AKI\n                      <jats:sub>APP<\/jats:sub>\n                      and 25 IC dogs). Age, bodyweight, and sex did not differ among groups. On day 1, median [IQR] uCysC\/uCr (10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20133<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and uGlu\/uCr were higher (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.008) in EVB (0.05 [0.03\u20130.11], 0.04 [0.03\u20130.06)]), IC (0.06 [0.03\u20130.4], 0.05 [0.03\u20130.09]), and AKI\n                      <jats:sub>APP<\/jats:sub>\n                      (4.4 [0.13\u201330.0], 0.12 [0.05\u20130.45]) groups, compared to healthy dogs (0.02 [0.01\u20130.03], 0.03 [0.02\u20130.04]). Urinary markers decreased over two weeks post hospitalisation in all groups except AKI\n                      <jats:sub>APP<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Initial levels of uCysC\/uCr were higher (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.002) and remained elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors of AKI\n                      <jats:sub>APP<\/jats:sub>\n                      , suggesting potential prognostic value.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary CysC\/uCr and Glu\/uCr are potential markers of tubular injury in early stages of AKI in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05939-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:05:53Z","timestamp":1789999553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for detection of renal tubular injury in Vipera berus-envenomated and critically ill dogs with and without clinically apparent acute kidney injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K.","family":"Selin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inger","family":"Lillieh\u00f6\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma M.","family":"Strage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9865-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Pelander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5939_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00074.x","volume":"11","author":"SL Vaden","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vaden SL, Levine J, Breitschwerdt EB. 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