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GCTA tool, PLINK, and Bonferroni method were applied for analysis of genotyping and disease progression. ANOVA was used to evaluate the significance of the association between biomarkers and genotypes in healthy controls. PoMo, F\n                      <jats:sub>ST,<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0Vcftools and Rehh package were used for building the racial tree and population analysis. F\n                      <jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0statistics\u00a0accesses 0.15 was used as a threshold to detect the signature of selection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There are 1031 participants passed quality control from 1104 participants, including 275 HBV clearance, 92 asymptomatic persistence infection\u00a0(ASPI), 93 chronic hepatitis B\u00a0(CHB), 188 HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis\u00a0(DC), 214 HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma\u00a0(HCC)\u00a0and 169 healthy controls (HC).\u00a0In the case\u2013control study, one\u00a0novel locus significantly associated\u00a0with\u00a0CHB\u00a0(SNP: rs1264473, Gene:\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>GRHL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.57\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      )\u00a0and HCC (SNP: rs2833856, Gene:\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>EVA1C<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.62\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\u00a0SNP: rs4661093, Gene:\n                      <jats:italic>ETV3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.26\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). In the trend study across progressive stages post HBV infection, one novel locus (SNP: rs1537862, Gene:\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>LACE1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.85\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and three MHC loci (\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DPA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) showed significant\u00a0increased progressive\u00a0risk from ASPI to CHB. Underlying the evolutionary study of HBV-related genes in public database,\u00a0the derived allele of two HBV clearance related loci, rs3077 and rs9277542, are under strong selection in European population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we identified several\u00a0novel candidate genes associated with individual HBV infectious outcomes, progressive stages, and liver enzymes. Two SNPs that show selective significance (\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-DPA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-DPB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in non-East Asian (European, American, South Asian) versus East Asian,\u00a0indicating\u00a0that host genetic factors contribute to the ethnic disparities of susceptibility of HBV infection.\u00a0Taken together, these findings provided a new insight into the role of host genetic factors in HBV related outcomes and progression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-00907-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T17:02:48Z","timestamp":1616086968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Genome-wide association study identifies new loci associated with risk of HBV infection and disease progression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"name":"the HBVstudy consortium","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4997-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hankui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiulan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10003","key":"907_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","volume":"386","author":"A Schweitzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schweitzer A, et al. 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Informed written consent was obtained from all participants and the study was performed with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Peking University First Hospital and local cooperation hospitals (Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Tumor Prevention and Therapy, Shanxi Medical University, Qinhuangdao No. 3 Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical College, Xuzhou No. 3 Hospital, Xinjian Medical University, the Second Affiliate Hospital of China Medical University, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Peking Union Medical College).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}