{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T05:46:51Z","timestamp":1751262411910},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Genomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by uniform shortening of the middle phalanges in all digits. It is associated with variants in the Indian Hedgehog (<jats:italic>IHH<\/jats:italic>) gene, which plays a key role in endochondral ossification. To date, heterozygous pathogenic <jats:italic>IHH<\/jats:italic> variants involving several codons, which are restricted to a specific region of the N-terminal active fragment of <jats:italic>IHH<\/jats:italic>, have been reported. The purpose of this study was to identify the pathogenic variant in a Japanese family with BDA1 and to evaluate its pathogenesis with regard to previous reports.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The proband, a 9-year-old boy, his siblings, and his father had shortened digits and a short stature of variable severity. Based on physical examinations, radiographic findings and family history, they were diagnosed with BDA1. This family is the first case of an isolated malformation in Japan. Sanger sequencing of <jats:italic>IHH<\/jats:italic> was performed on these individuals and on the proband\u2019s unaffected mother. The significance of the variants was assessed using three-dimensional analysis methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sanger sequencing showed a novel <jats:italic>IHH<\/jats:italic> heterozygous variant, NM_002181.4:c.544_549delTCAAAG(p.Ser182Lys183del) [NC_000002.12:g.219057461_219057466del].. These two residues are located outside the cluster region considered a hotspot of pathogenic variants. Three-dimensional modelling showed that S182 and K183 are located on the same surface as other residues associated with BDA1. Analysis of residue interactions across the interface between IHH and its interacting receptor protein revealed the presence of hydrogen bonds between them.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We report a novel variant, NM_002181.4:c.544_549delTCAAAG (p.Ser182Lys183del) [NC_000002.12:g.219057461_219057466del] in a Japanese family with BDA1. Indeed, neither variations in codons 182 or 183 nor with such two-amino-acid deletions in IHH have been reported previously. Although these two residues are located outside the cluster region considered a hotspot of pathogenic variants, we speculate that this variant causes BDA1 through impaired interactions between IHH and target receptor proteins in the same manner as other pathogenic variants located in the cluster region. This report expands the genetic spectrum of BDA1.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-01042-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T07:03:11Z","timestamp":1627369391000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Deletion of 2 amino acids in IHH in a Japanese family with brachydactyly type A1"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nozomu","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Okuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatasu","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouji H.","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumiko","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shohab","family":"Youssefian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1042_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-020-01000-6","volume":"21","author":"Q Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Q, Wang J, Tian X, Shen F, Lan J, Zhang Q, et al. 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Written informed consent for participation in this study was obtained from all participants. In children, written informed consent was obtained from the patients\u2019 parents.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for the publication of photographs and clinical and genetic data was obtained from all participants. The parents of the children signed written informed consent for the publication of photographs and clinical and genetic data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"190"}}