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The protocol was approved by the Committee for Ethics of Animal Experimentation, Research Institute of Influenza. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering. Mice were housed in cages provisioned with water and standard food, and they were monitored daily for health and condition. More than 25% body weight loss was used as a criterion for early euthanasia; animals were euthanized by CO2inhalation for 5\u00a0min. 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