{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:30:43Z","timestamp":1794360643879,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Schistosomiasis causes significant levels of morbidity and mortality in many geographical regions of the world. The disease is caused by infections with parasitic blood flukes known as schistosomes. The control of schistosomiasis over the last several decades has been centered on the mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ), which is the only drug currently available for treatment. Despite the concerted efforts of MDA programs, the prevalence and transmission of schistosomiasis has remained largely unchecked due to the fact that PZQ is ineffective against juvenile schistosomes, does not prevent re-infection and the emergence of PZQ-resistant parasites. In addition, other measures such as the water, sanitation and hygiene programs and snail intermediate hosts control have had little to no impact. These drawbacks indicate that the current control strategies are severely inadequate at interrupting transmission and therefore, implementation of other control strategies are required. Ideally, an efficient vaccine is what is needed for long term protection thereby eliminating the current efforts of repeated mass drug administration. However, the general consensus in the field is that the integration of a viable vaccine with MDA and other control measures offer the best chance of achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination. This review focuses on the present status of schistosomiasis vaccine candidates in different phases of human clinical trials and provide some insight into future vaccine discovery and design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T13:03:20Z","timestamp":1579698200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Schistosomiasis vaccine development: update on human clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6262-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adebayo J.","family":"Molehin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"621_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.88","volume":"62","author":"T El-Khoby","year":"2000","unstructured":"El-Khoby T, Galal N, Fenwick A, Barakat R, El-Hawey A, Nooman Z, et al. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: summary findings in nine governorates. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62(2 Suppl):88\u201399.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00121-2","volume":"77","author":"P Jordan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jordan P. From katayama to the Dakhla Oasis: the beginning of epidemiology and control of bilharzia. Acta Trop. 2000;77(1):9\u201340.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"7","key":"621_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","volume":"8","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hotez PJ, Alvarado M, Basanez MG, Bolliger I, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, et al. The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e2865.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"621_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1131127","volume":"15","author":"AJ Molehin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Molehin AJ, Rojo JU, Siddiqui SZ, Gray SA, Carter D, Siddiqui AA. Development of a schistosomiasis vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15(5):619\u201327.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"issue":"suppl_4","key":"621_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy001","volume":"66","author":"J Toor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toor J, Alsallaq R, Truscott JE, Turner HC, Werkman M, Gurarie D, et al. Are We on Our Way to Achieving the 2020 Goals for Schistosomiasis Morbidity Control Using Current World Health Organization Guidelines? Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(suppl_4):S245\u2013S52.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"621_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007349","volume":"13","author":"K Kura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kura K, Truscott JE, Toor J, Anderson RM. Modelling the impact of a Schistosoma mansoni vaccine and mass drug administration to achieve morbidity control and transmission elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(6):e0007349.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","unstructured":"McManus DP, Dunne DW, Sacko M, Utzinger J, Vennervald BJ, Zhou XN. Schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):13.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"621_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d2651","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2651","volume":"342","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gray DJ, Ross AG, Li YS, McManus DP. Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis. BMJ. 2011;342:d2651.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR9","first-page":"228","volume":"47","author":"R Kurup","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurup R, Hunjan GS. Epidemiology and control of Schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections among school children in three rural villages of South Saint Lucia. J Vector Borne Dis. 2010;47(4):228\u201334.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"9936","key":"621_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2014;383(9936):2253\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(85)90020-8","volume":"29","author":"P Andrews","year":"1985","unstructured":"Andrews P. Praziquantel: mechanisms of anti-schistosomal activity. Pharmacol Ther. 1985;29(1):129\u201356.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"621_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70099-2","volume":"10","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gray DJ, McManus DP, Li Y, Williams GM, Bergquist R, Ross AG. Schistosomiasis elimination: lessons from the past guide the future. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(10):733\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1799-4","volume":"9","author":"BM Tebeje","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tebeje BM, Harvie M, You H, Loukas A, McManus DP. Schistosomiasis vaccines: where do we stand? Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):528.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"621_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.10.010","volume":"33","author":"AA Siddiqui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siddiqui AA, Siddiqui SZ. Sm-p80-based Schistosomiasis vaccine: preparation for human clinical trials. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(3):194\u2013201.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.09.004","volume":"34","author":"SJ Campbell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Campbell SJ, Biritwum NK, Woods G, Velleman Y, Fleming F, Stothard JR. Tailoring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) targets for soil-transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis control. Trends Parasitol. 2018;34(1):53\u201363.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"6405","key":"621_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1126\/science.361.6405.832","volume":"361","author":"E Pennisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pennisi E. Hybridization may give some parasites a leg up. Science. 2018;361(6405):832\u20133.","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"6268","key":"621_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1126\/science.351.6268.16","volume":"351","author":"J Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen J. Unfilled vials. Science. 2016;351(6268):16\u20139.","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"1645","key":"621_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130433","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0433","volume":"369","author":"B Greenwood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenwood B. The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2014;369(1645):20130433.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"621_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","volume":"36","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colley DG, Secor WE. Immunology of human schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol. 2014;36(8):347\u201357.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"621_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00095","volume":"6","author":"CT Fonseca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fonseca CT, Oliveira SC, Alves CC. Eliminating Schistosomes through vaccination: what are the best immune weapons? Front Immunol. 2015;6:95.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00684.x","volume":"6","author":"A Gazzinelli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gazzinelli A, Bethony J, Fraga LA, LoVerde PT, Correa-Oliveira R, Kloos H. Exposure to Schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural area of Brazil. I: water contact. Tropical Med Int Health. 2001;6(2):126\u201335.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-184.x","volume":"19","author":"L Cutts","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cutts L, Wilson RA. Elimination of a primary schistosome infection from rats coincides with elevated IgE titres and mast cell degranulation. Parasite Immunol. 1997;19(2):91\u2013102.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"621_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000290","volume":"2","author":"RA Wilson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilson RA, Langermans JA, van Dam GJ, Vervenne RA, Hall SL, Borges WC, et al. Elimination of Schistosoma mansoni adult Worms by rhesus macaques: basis for a therapeutic vaccine? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(9):e290.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.893195","volume":"13","author":"JP Hewitson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hewitson JP, Maizels RM. Vaccination against helminth parasite infections. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014;13(4):473\u201387.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"621_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.055","volume":"188","author":"CM Jayashi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jayashi CM, Kyngdon CT, Gauci CG, Gonzalez AE, Lightowlers MW. Successful immunization of naturally reared pigs against porcine cysticercosis with a recombinant oncosphere antigen vaccine. Vet Parasitol. 2012;188(3\u20134):261\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.04.009","volume":"127","author":"E Larrieu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Larrieu E, Herrero E, Mujica G, Labanchi JL, Araya D, Grizmado C, et al. Pilot field trial of the EG95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: early impact and preliminary data. Acta Trop. 2013;127(2):143\u201351.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"621_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1369-9","volume":"9","author":"RA Wilson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson RA, Li XH, Castro-Borges W. Do schistosome vaccine trials in mice have an intrinsic flaw that generates spurious protection data? Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:89.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.027","volume":"130","author":"DJ Diemert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diemert DJ, Pinto AG, Freire J, Jariwala A, Santiago H, Hamilton RG, et al. Generalized urticaria induced by the Na-ASP-2 hookworm vaccine: implications for the development of vaccines against helminths. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(1):169\u201376 e6.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00202-3","volume":"17","author":"D Boulanger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boulanger D, Warter A, Sellin B, Lindner V, Pierce RJ, Chippaux JP, et al. Vaccine potential of a recombinant glutathione S-transferase cloned from Schistosoma haematobium in primates experimentally infected with an homologous challenge. Vaccine. 1999;17(4):319\u201326.","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"issue":"34","key":"621_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10084","DOI":"10.1021\/bi034449r","volume":"42","author":"KA Johnson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johnson KA, Angelucci F, Bellelli A, Herve M, Fontaine J, Tsernoglou D, et al. Crystal structure of the 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma haematobium. Biochemistry. 2003;42(34):10084\u201394.","journal-title":"Biochemistry."},{"issue":"13","key":"621_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92995-9","volume":"266","author":"D Moser","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moser D, Tendler M, Griffiths G, Klinkert MQ. A 14-kDa Schistosoma mansoni polypeptide is homologous to a gene family of fatty acid binding proteins. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(13):8447\u201354.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"621_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2548-2554.2003","volume":"71","author":"D Smyth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smyth D, McManus DP, Smout MJ, Laha T, Zhang W, Loukas A. Isolation of cDNAs encoding secreted and transmembrane proteins from Schistosoma mansoni by a signal sequence trap method. Infect Immun. 2003;71(5):2548\u201354.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(93)90087-H","volume":"1181","author":"AA Siddiqui","year":"1993","unstructured":"Siddiqui AA, Zhou Y, Podesta RB, Karcz SR, Tognon CE, Strejan GH, et al. Characterization of Ca(2+)-dependent neutral protease (calpain) from human blood flukes, Schistosoma mansoni. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993;1181(1):37\u201344.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"10","key":"621_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324143","volume":"33","author":"M Herve","year":"2003","unstructured":"Herve M, Angeli V, Pinzar E, Wintjens R, Faveeuw C, Narumiya S, et al. Pivotal roles of the parasite PGD2 synthase and of the host D prostanoid receptor 1 in schistosome immune evasion. Eur J Immunol. 2003;33(10):2764\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.601-605.2002","volume":"70","author":"F Remoue","year":"2002","unstructured":"Remoue F, Mani JC, Pugniere M, Schacht AM, Capron A, Riveau G. Functional specific binding of testosterone to Schistosoma haematobium 28-kilodalton glutathione S-transferase. Infect Immun. 2002;70(2):601\u20135.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.08.005","volume":"105","author":"A Torres-Rivera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Torres-Rivera A, Landa A. Glutathione transferases from parasites: a biochemical view. Acta Trop. 2008;105(2):99\u2013112.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"7","key":"621_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001704","volume":"6","author":"G Riveau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riveau G, Deplanque D, Remoue F, Schacht AM, Vodougnon H, Capron M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of rSh28GST antigen in humans: phase 1 randomized clinical study of a vaccine candidate against urinary schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(7):e1704.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"621_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006968","volume":"12","author":"G Riveau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riveau G, Schacht AM, Dompnier JP, Deplanque D, Seck M, Waucquier N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the rSh28GST urinary schistosomiasis vaccine: a phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in Senegalese children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(12):e0006968.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"621_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.09.002","volume":"108","author":"M Tendler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tendler M, Simpson AJ. The biotechnology-value chain: development of Sm14 as a schistosomiasis vaccine. Acta Trop. 2008;108(2\u20133):263\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.269","volume":"93","author":"M Tendler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tendler M, Brito CA, Vilar MM, Serra-Freire N, Diogo CM, Almeida MS, et al. A Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein, Sm14, is the potential basis of a dual-purpose anti-helminth vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(1):269\u201373.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"621_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2003.00619.x","volume":"25","author":"MS Almeida","year":"2003","unstructured":"Almeida MS, Torloni H, Lee-Ho P, Vilar MM, Thaumaturgo N, Simpson AJ, et al. Vaccination against Fasciola hepatica infection using a Schistosoma mansoni defined recombinant antigen, Sm14. Parasite Immunol. 2003;25(3):135\u20137.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.027","volume":"34","author":"M Santini-Oliveira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santini-Oliveira M, Coler RN, Parra J, Veloso V, Jayashankar L, Pinto PM, et al. Schistosomiasis vaccine candidate Sm14\/GLA-SE: phase 1 safety and immunogenicity clinical trial in healthy, male adults. Vaccine. 2016;34(4):586\u201394.","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"621_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000900032","volume":"101","author":"S Braschi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braschi S, Borges WC, Wilson RA. Proteomic analysis of the schistosome tegument and its surface membranes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101(Suppl 1):205\u201312.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"5","key":"621_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200500368","volume":"6","author":"S Braschi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braschi S, Curwen RS, Ashton PD, Verjovski-Almeida S, Wilson A. The tegument surface membranes of the human blood parasite Schistosoma mansoni: a proteomic analysis after differential extraction. Proteomics. 2006;6(5):1471\u201382.","journal-title":"Proteomics."},{"issue":"7","key":"621_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1430","volume":"12","author":"MH Tran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tran MH, Pearson MS, Bethony JM, Smyth DJ, Jones MK, Duke M, et al. Tetraspanins on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni are protective antigens against schistosomiasis. Nat Med. 2006;12(7):835\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"621_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5634-4","volume":"116","author":"AJ Molehin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molehin AJ, Sennoune SR, Zhang W, Rojo JU, Siddiqui AJ, Herrera KA, et al. Cross-species prophylactic efficacy of Sm-p80-based vaccine and intracellular localization of Sm-p80\/Sm-p80 ortholog proteins during development in Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium. Parasitol Res. 2017;116(11):3175\u201388.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"621_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu031","volume":"209","author":"S Karmakar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karmakar S, Zhang W, Ahmad G, Torben W, Alam MU, Le L, et al. Use of an Sm-p80-based therapeutic vaccine to kill established adult schistosome parasites in chronically infected baboons. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(12):1929\u201340.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13942","volume":"1425","author":"W Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang W, Molehin AJ, Rojo JU, Sudduth J, Ganapathy PK, Kim E, et al. Sm-p80-based schistosomiasis vaccine: double-blind preclinical trial in baboons demonstrates comprehensive prophylactic and parasite transmission-blocking efficacy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1425(1):38\u201351.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"621_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui AJ, Molehin AJ, Zhang W, Ganapathy PK, Kim E, Rojo JU, et al. Sm-p80-based vaccine trial in baboons: efficacy when mimicking natural conditions of chronic disease, praziquantel therapy, immunization, and Schistosoma mansoni re-encounter. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1425(1):19\u201337.","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13866"},{"issue":"9","key":"621_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir545","volume":"204","author":"G Ahmad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ahmad G, Zhang W, Torben W, Ahrorov A, Damian RT, Wolf RF, et al. Preclinical prophylactic efficacy testing of Sm-p80-based vaccine in a nonhuman primate model of Schistosoma mansoni infection and immunoglobulin G and E responses to Sm-p80 in human serum samples from an area where schistosomiasis is endemic. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(9):1437\u201349.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"621_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004033","volume":"10","author":"S Gaze","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaze S, Driguez P, Pearson MS, Mendes T, Doolan DL, Trieu A, et al. An immunomics approach to schistosome antigen discovery: antibody signatures of naturally resistant and chronically infected individuals from endemic areas. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(3):e1004033.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T19:11:06Z","timestamp":1611169866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1423-0127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1423-0127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}