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This study investigated the protective effects of intranasal administration of\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      on lung development in hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neonatal C57BL\/6N mice were reared in either room air (RA) or hyperoxia condition (85% O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). From postnatal days 0 to 6, they were administered intranasal 10 \u03bcL\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      at a dose of 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      colony-forming units. Control mice received an equal volume of normal saline (NS). We evaluated the following four study groups: RA\u2009+\u2009NS, RA\u2009+\u2009probiotic, O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009+\u2009NS, and O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009+\u2009probiotic. On postnatal day 7, lung and intestinal microbiota were sampled from the left lung and lower gastrointestinal tract, respectively. The right lung of each mouse was harvested for Western blot, cytokine, and histology analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009+\u2009NS group exhibited significantly lower body weight and vascular density and significantly higher mean linear intercept (MLI) and lung cytokine levels compared with the RA\u2009+\u2009NS and RA\u2009+\u2009probiotic groups. At the genus level of the gut microbiota, the O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009+\u2009NS group exhibited significantly higher\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance and significantly lower\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance compared with the RA\u2009+\u2009NS and RA\u2009+\u2009probiotic groups. Intranasal\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment increased the vascular density, decreased the MLI and cytokine levels, and restored the gut microbiota in hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intranasal administration of\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      protects against hyperoxia-induced lung injury and modulates the gut microbiota.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00958-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T23:10:52Z","timestamp":1690758652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Intranasal administration of Lactobacillus johnsonii attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury by modulating gut microbiota in neonatal mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chen S. 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