{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:37:14Z","timestamp":1787315834161,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009550","name":"Universiteit Hasselt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF20DOC16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF20DOC16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0H3716N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0H3716N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOC2120FWO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOC2120FWO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deficient DNA repair and excessive DNA damage contribute to neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of DNA damage and repair in spinal cord injury (SCI) is unclear. SCI, a debilitating disruption of the structural and biological network of the spinal cord, is characterized by oxidative stress. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to neuronal loss following SCI remain incompletely defined. Methods: Using a contusion model, a severe SCI was induced at the L1 spinal level in C57Bl\/6J mice. The temporal and spatial presence of DNA damage was then determined via immunolabeling for the DNA damage marker, \u03b3H2AX, from 1\u00a0h post-injury (hpi) to 28 days post-injury (dpi). Results: Our analysis revealed that increased DNA damage foci were present from 1 hpi to 3 dpi in SCI mice relative to controls (sham surgery and naive), with the damage signal spreading over time longitudinally from the affected area to more rostral and caudal regions. Co-labeling of \u03b3H2AX with NeuN revealed neuronal specificity of DNA damage, with increased early cell death (pan-nuclear \u03b3H2AX) peaking at 1 dpi and apoptosis (cleaved Caspase-3) arising later at 3 dpi. Conclusion: Our study indicates a possible role of DNA damage in neuronal loss following SCI and highlights the need for early interventions targeting DNA repair to preserve neuronal tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01104-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T19:02:45Z","timestamp":1737572565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temporal and spatial pattern of DNA damage in neurons following spinal cord Injury in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Elle EM","family":"Scheijen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Veeningen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Duw\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Van Broeckhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8945-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"David M","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1104_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-018-1008-3","volume":"43","author":"SA Quadri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quadri SA, Farooqui M, Ikram A, Zafar A, Khan MA, Suriya SS, Claus CF, Fiani B, Rahman M, Ramachandran A, et al. Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Neurosurg Rev. 2020;43(2):425\u201341.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"1104_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjum A, Yazid MD, Daud MF, Idris J, Ng AMH, Naicker AS, Ismail OHR, Kumar RKA, Lokanathan Y. Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2020.\u00a010.3390\/ijms21207533.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533"},{"key":"1104_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25221","author":"MS Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu MS, Wang ZY, Wang DM, Aierxi M, Ma ZJ, Wang YG. Oxidative stress following spinal cord injury: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets. J Neurosci Res. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.25221.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1104_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.01.008","volume":"15","author":"JN Cobley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cobley JN, Fiorello ML, Bailey DM. 13 reasons why the brain is susceptible to oxidative stress. Redox Biol. 2018;15:490\u2013503.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1104_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3738","volume":"12","author":"YH Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang YH, Wang Z, Zheng J, Wang R. Protective effects of gallic acid against spinal cord injury-induced oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(2):3017\u201324.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1104_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5152\/clinexphealthsci.2017.218","volume":"7","author":"S Sakarcan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sakarcan S, Ersahin M, Eminoglu ME, Cevik O, Ak E, Ercan F, Sener G. Riboflavin treatment reduces apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage in a rat spinal cord injury model. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2017;7(2):55\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1104_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2016.01062","volume":"10","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Wang JB, Gu ZS, Zhang Q, Zheng H. Effect of lycopene on the blood-spinal cord barrier after spinal cord injury in mice. BioSci Trend. 2016;10(4):288\u201393.","journal-title":"BioSci Trend"},{"issue":"27","key":"1104_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6449","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0911-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"LJ Martin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martin LJ, Chen K, Liu ZP. Adult motor neuron apoptosis is mediated by nitric oxide and Fas death receptor linked by DNA damage and p53 activation. J Neurosci. 2005;25(27):6449\u201359.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1104_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.02.133","volume":"78","author":"G Takahashi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Takahashi G, Sakurai M, Abe K, Itoyama Y, Tabayashi K. MCI-186 reduces oxidative cellular damage and increases DNA repair function in the rabbit spinal cord after transient ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(2):602\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"1104_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084142","volume":"23","author":"EEM Scheijen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scheijen EEM, Wilson DM. Genome integrity and neurological disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(8):4142.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1104_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54217","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202154217","volume":"23","author":"G Welch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Welch G, Tsai LH. Mechanisms of DNA damage-mediated neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease. EMBO Rep. 2022;23(6):e54217.","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1104_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.04.013","volume":"94","author":"DK Jeppesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeppesen DK, Bohr VA, Stevnsner T. DNA repair deficiency in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol. 2011;94(2):166\u2013200.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1104_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.032","volume":"186","author":"DM Wilson III","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson DM 3rd, Cookson MR, Van Den Bosch L, Zetterberg H, Holtzman DM, Dewachter I. Hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Cell. 2023;186(4):693\u2013714.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1104_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari V, Wilson DM. 3rd: DNA damage and associated DNA repair defects in disease and premature aging. Am J Hum Genet. 2019;105(2):237\u201357.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.06.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"1104_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0197-73","volume":"3","author":"MJ Crowe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Crowe MJ, Bresnahan JC, Shuman SL, Masters JN, Beattie MS. Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys. Nat Med. 1997;3(1):73\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1104_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091728","volume":"11","author":"EEM Scheijen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scheijen EEM, Hendrix S, Wilson DM. Oxidative DNA damage in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury: seems obvious, but where is the evidence?\u00a0 Antioxidants. 2022;11(9):1728.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"5","key":"1104_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.635","volume":"23","author":"DM Basso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Basso DM, Fisher LC, Anderson AJ, Jakeman LB, McTigue DM, Popovich PG. Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains. J Neurotrauma. 2006;23(5):635\u201359.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"1104_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","volume":"7","author":"P Bankhead","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bankhead P, Loughrey MB, Fern\u00e1ndez JA, Dombrowski Y, McArt DG, Dunne PD, McQuaid S, Gray RT, Murray LJ, Coleman HG, et al. QuPath: open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16878.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"1104_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676\u201382.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"1104_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.03.024","volume":"3","author":"O Fernandez-Capetillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fernandez-Capetillo O, Lee A, Nussenzweig M, Nussenzweig A. H2AX: the histone guardian of the genome. DNA Repair. 2004;3(8):959\u201367.","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"1104_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moeglin E, Desplancq D, Conic S, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Stoessel A, Chiper M, Vigneron M, Didier P, Tora L, Weiss E. Uniform widespread nuclear phosphorylation of histone H2AX is an indicator of Lethal DNA replication stress. Cancers (Basel). 2019;10.3390\/cancers11030355.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030355"},{"issue":"5","key":"1104_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2006.09.007","volume":"6","author":"A Trivedi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trivedi A, Olivas AD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Inflammation and spinal cord Injury: infiltrating leukocytes as determinants of Injury and repair processes. Clin Neurosci Res. 2006;6(5):283\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1104_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chronis F, Rogakou EP. Interplay between \u03b3H2AX and 53BP1 pathways inDNA double-strand break repair response. In: Gewirtz DA, Holt SE, Grant S (Eds.) Apoptosis, Senescence, and Cancer. Totowa: Humana Press; 2007: 243\u2013263.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-221-2_13"},{"issue":"1","key":"1104_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0723-5","volume":"7","author":"NM Shanbhag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shanbhag NM, Evans MD, Mao W, Nana AL, Seeley WW, Adame A, Rissman RA, Masliah E, Mucke L. Early neuronal accumulation of DNA double strand breaks in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2019;7(1):77.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1104_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00286","volume":"12","author":"B M\u00fcller","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00fcller B, Ellinwood NM, Lorenz B, Stieger K. Detection of DNA double strand breaks by \u03b3H2AX does not result in 53bp1 recruitment in mouse retinal tissues. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:286.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1104_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16011","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2016.11","volume":"2","author":"D Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding D, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Gao Y, Yin L, Li Q, Li J, Chen H. Induction and inhibition of the pan-nuclear gamma-H2AX response in resting human peripheral blood lymphocytes after X-ray irradiation. Cell Death Discov. 2016;2:16011.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"1104_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan YP, Lou JS, Jin MR, Zhou CH, Shen HH, Fu CY, Mao XJ, Chen YY, Zhong JJ, Wang LL et al. UBC9-mediated SUMOylation of Lamin B1 enhances DNA-damage-induced nuclear DNA leakage and autophagy after spinal cord injury. J Cell Physiol. 2024.\u00a010.1002\/jcp.31213.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31213"},{"issue":"5","key":"1104_CR28","first-page":"1217","volume":"32","author":"AM Ozgonul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ozgonul AM, Konyalioglu S, Dagci T, Kilinc E. Effects of embryonic neural stem cell therapy on DNA damage products in urine and tissue after spinal cord injury in rats. Turkiye Klinikleri Tip Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012;32(5):1217\u201325.","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri Tip Bilimleri Dergisi"},{"key":"1104_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neag MA, Mitre AO, Catinean A, Mitre CI. An overview on the mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity of isoflurane and sevoflurane in experimental studies. Brain Res Bull. 2020;165:281\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.10.011"},{"key":"1104_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.06.009","volume":"349","author":"R Takizawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takizawa R, Ichihara S, Zong C, Kinoshita K, Sakurai T, Ikegami A, Mise N, Ichihara G. 1,2-dichloropropane induces \u03b3-H2AX expression in human cholangiocytes only in the presence of macrophages. Toxicol Lett. 2021;349:134\u201344.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"1104_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-012-9414-8","volume":"190","author":"K Arimura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arimura K, Aoshiba K, Tsuji T, Tamaoki J. Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation causes DNA damage in the lungs of mice. Lung. 2012;190(6):613\u201320.","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"1104_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00020","volume":"8","author":"P Kalisperati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalisperati P, Spanou E, Pateras IS, Korkolopoulou P, Varvarigou A, Karavokyros I, Gorgoulis VG, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Sougioultzis S. Inflammation, DNA damage, <i\u2009>\u2009Helicobacter pylori\u2009and gastric Tumorigenesis<\/i\u2009>. Front Genet. 2017;8:8.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"1104_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.07517","volume":"9","author":"D Blanco","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blanco D, Vicent S, Fraga MF, Fernandez-Garcia I, Freire J, Lujambio A, Esteller M, Ortiz-De-Solorzano C, Pio R, Lecanda F, et al. Molecular analysis of a multistep lung cancer model induced by chronic inflammation reveals epigenetic regulation of p16 and activation of the DNA damage response pathway. Neoplasia. 2007;9(10):840\u2013U851.","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"1104_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/623019","author":"M Murata","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murata M, Thanan R, Ma N, Kawanishi S. Role of nitrative and oxidative DNA damage in inflammation-related carcinogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/623019.","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1104_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01507-x","volume":"44","author":"S Parvin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parvin S, Williams CR, Jarrett SA, Garraway SM. Spinal cord Injury increases pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in kidney at acute and sub-chronic stages. Inflammation. 2021;44(6):2346\u201361.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"1104_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.009","volume":"209","author":"DJ Donnelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Donnelly DJ, Popovich PG. Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2008;209(2):378\u201388.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1104_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu GT, Chapman JR, Brandsma I, Yuan JS, Mistrik M, Bouwman P, Bartkova J, Gogola E, Warmerdam D, Barazas M, et al. REV7 counteracts DNA double-strand break resection and affects PARP inhibition. Nature. 2015;521(7553):541\u2013U308.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14328"},{"issue":"4","key":"1104_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01096-x","volume":"25","author":"U Gioia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gioia U, Tavella S, Mart\u00ednez-Orellana P, Cicio G, Colliva A, Ceccon M, Cabrini M, Henriques AC, Fumagalli V, Paldino A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces DNA damage, through CHK1 degradation and impaired 53BP1 recruitment, and cellular senescence. Nat Cell Biol. 2023;25(4):550\u2013.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1104_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0328-5","volume":"22","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang X, Xu B, Mulvey B, Evans M, Jordan S, Wang Y-D, Pagala V, Peng J, Fan Y, Patel A, et al. Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into neurons or cortical organoids requires transcriptional co-regulation by UTX and 53BP1. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(3):362\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1104_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796704","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.796704","volume":"12","author":"L Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu L, Wang J, Ding Y, Wang L, Zhu YJ. Current knowledge of microglia in traumatic spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2021;12:796704.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"20","key":"1104_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.143423","volume":"9","author":"X Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou X, He X, Ren Y. Function of microglia and macrophages in secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Neur Regen Res. 2014;9(20):1787\u201395.","journal-title":"Neur Regen Res"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1104_CR42","first-page":"264","volume":"23","author":"T Hagg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hagg T, Oudega M. Degenerative and spontaneous regenerative processes after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2006;23(3\u20134):264\u201380.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"1104_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab058","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab058","volume":"3","author":"Y Ohnishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ohnishi Y, Yamamoto M, Sugiura Y, Setoyama D, Kishima H. Rostro-caudal different energy metabolism leading to differences in degeneration in spinal cord injury. Brain Commun. 2021;3(2):fcab058.","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"1104_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2021.1912889","volume":"20","author":"D Cucchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cucchi D, Gibson A, Martin SA. The emerging relationship between metabolism and DNA repair. Cell Cycle. 2021;20(10):943\u201359.","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"1104_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105143","volume":"147","author":"CK Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis CK, Vemuganti R. DNA damage and repair following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2021;147:9.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1104_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114714","volume":"374","author":"ZF Al-Khateeb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Khateeb ZF, Boumenar H, Adebimpe J, Shekerzade S, Henson SM, Tremoleda JL, Michael-Titus AT. The cellular senescence response and neuroinflammation in juvenile mice following controlled cortical impact and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2024;374:18.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1104_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-019-0199-8","volume":"99","author":"N Schwab","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwab N, Tator C, Hazrati LN. DNA damage as a marker of brain damage in individuals with history of concussions. Lab Invest. 2019;99(7):1008\u201318.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"1104_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06859.x","volume":"114","author":"M Hetman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hetman M, Vashishta A, Rempala G. Neurotoxic mechanisms of DNA damage: focus on transcriptional inhibition. J Neurochem. 2010;114(6):1537\u201349.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1104_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8010068","volume":"8","author":"P Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen P, Lai ZP, Wu YH, Xu LJ, Cai XX, Qiu J, Yang PY, Yang M, Zhou P, Zhuang JJ, et al. Retinal neuron is more sensitive to blue light-induced damage than Glia cell due to DNA double-strand breaks. Cells. 2019;8(1):14.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1104_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114479","volume":"368","author":"M Metcalfe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Metcalfe M, David BT, Langley BC, Hill CE. Elevation of NAD plus by nicotinamide riboside spares spinal cord tissue from injury and promotes locomotor recovery. Exp Neurol. 2023;368:10.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12929-024-01104-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12929-024-01104-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12929-024-01104-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T19:02:49Z","timestamp":1737572569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12929-024-01104-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12929-024-01104-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1423-0127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1423-0127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Animals were housed according to general guidelines on protecting animals used for scientific purposes (EU Directives 201\/63\/EU). The Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments of Hasselt University approved the animal experiments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}