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HAMK reports fees paid to the University for consultancies\/advisory boards and fees per patient for recruitment from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis. WT reports fees paid to the University from Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Chiesi, Roche Diagnostics\/Ventana, Biotest, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Lilly Oncology and a grant from the Dutch Asthma Fund. PW reports personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca and a grant from GlaxoSmithKline. MEL reports grants from NIH\/NHLBI during the conduct of the study; in addition, MEL has a patent US PTO 14\/406,607 pending. DSP reports consultancy fees or research grants paid to the University from Astra Zeneca, Chiesi, Genentec, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, TEVA, Takeda and Boehringer Ingelheim. KS has a patent pending for the Boston University: \u201cBiomarkers of COPD disease activity\u201d. IMB, AF, EvdW, EDT, SJMH, NHTtH, CAB, IHH, MRJ, HGdB, JSV, HRP, WB, FvdE, KM, AS and VG have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"213"}}