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However, there is limited comparative data of the lung microbiome between healthy smokers, non-smokers and COPD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We compared the 16S rRNA gene-based sputum microbiome generated from pair-ended Illumina sequencing of 124 healthy subjects (28 smokers and 96 non-smokers with normal lung function), with single stable samples from 218 COPD subjects collected from three UK clinical centres as part of the COPDMAP consortium.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In healthy subjects <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic> were the major phyla constituting 88% of the total reads, and <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Veillonella, Prevotella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic> were the dominant genera. <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic> formed only 3% of the healthy microbiome. In contrast, <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> was the most dominant phylum accounting for 50% of the microbiome in COPD subjects, with <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic> at genus level contributing 25 and 3% respectively. There were no differences in the microbiome profile within healthy and COPD subgroups when stratified based on smoking history. Principal coordinate analysis on operational taxonomic units showed two distinct clusters, representative of healthy and COPD subjects (PERMANOVA, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090\u00b7001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The healthy and COPD sputum microbiomes are distinct and independent of smoking history. Our results underline the important role for <jats:italic>Gammaproteobacteria<\/jats:italic> in COPD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01448-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T14:06:56Z","timestamp":1594735616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The sputum microbiome is distinct between COPD and health, independent of smoking history"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Koirobi","family":"Haldar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadali Yavari","family":"Ramsheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Free","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola F.","family":"Reeve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Tal-Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin D.","family":"Tobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin C.","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadwiga A.","family":"Wedzicha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Barer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9345-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Brightling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"1448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800353","volume":"359","author":"S Sethi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sethi S, Murphy TF. 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JRB, BEM and RTS are employees and shareholders of GSK; GCD reports grants and personal fees from Astrazeneca and grants from Micom ltd and American Thoracic Society; MDT reports grants from GSK and other from Orion; JAW reports grants from GSK, grants from Johnson and Johnson, other from Novartis, other from Boehringer Ingelheim, other from Astra Zeneca, other from GSK, grants from GSK, grants from Astra Zeneca, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants from Novartis; DS reports grants and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingleheim, grants and personal fees from Chiesi, personal fees from Cipla, personal fees from Genentech, grants and personal fees from Glenmark, grants and personal fees from Menarini, grants and personal fees from Mundipharma, grants and personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Peptinnovate, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, grants and personal fees from Pulmatrix, grants and personal fees from Therevance, grants and personal fees from Verona; CEB reports grants and personal fees from GSK, grants and personal fees from Novartis, grants and personal fees from Genentech, grants and personal fees from Chiesi, personal fees from Sanofi\/Regeneron, grants and personal fees from 4DPharma, grants and personal fees from BI, grants and personal fees from Mologics, grants and personal fees from Gossamer, grants and personal fees from AZ\/MedImmune, grants and personal fees from TEVA, outside the submitted work. CEB reports grants from MRC COPDMAP, grants from AirPROM (FP7\u2013270194), during the conduct of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"183"}}