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Low, medium and high temperature layers were stratified by the daily mean temperature with 25th and 75th percentiles. The potential modification effect of temperature on the relationship between air pollutants and daily incidence of influenza in Ningbo was investigated through analyzing the effects of air pollutants stratified by temperature stratum using distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). Stratified analysis by sex and age were also conducted.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, a 10\u00a0\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> increment of O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> could increase the incidence risk of influenza with the cumulative relative risk of 1.028 (95% CI 1.007, 1.050), 1.061 (95% CI 1.004, 1.122), 1.043 (95% CI 1.003, 1.085), and 1.118 (95% CI 1.028, 1.216), respectively. Male and aged 7\u201317\u00a0years were more sensitive to air pollutants. Through the temperature stratification analysis, we found that temperature could modify the impacts of air pollution on daily incidence of influenza with high temperature exacerbating the impact of air pollutants. At high temperature layer, male and the groups aged 0\u20136\u00a0years and 18\u201364\u00a0years were more sensitive to air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Temperature modified the relationship between air pollution and daily incidence of influenza and high temperature would exacerbate the effects of air pollutants in Ningbo.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01744-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T19:09:10Z","timestamp":1621537750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The modification effect of temperature on the relationship between air pollutants and daily incidence of influenza in Ningbo, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hejia","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5534-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songwang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1744_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization [https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)]"},{"key":"1744_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000151","volume":"148","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y, Leng K, Lu Y, Wen L, Qi Y, Gao W, Chen H, Bai L, An X, Sun B, et al. 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Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"153"}}